Erratum to: Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use

n/

What are the effects of different types of psychological therapies on outcomes in children with chronic illness and their parents?

Cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) and problem solving may improve some symptoms in parents and children among families of a child with a chronic illness, but evidence on other outcomes and on other psychological therapies is very uncertain.Compared with control, moderate‐certainty evidence shows a small improvement in child behavior/disability with CBT post treatment and at 2 to 12 months? follow‐up. Low‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence suggests slightly better parenting behavior with CBT at short term and at follow‐up, respectively. Researchers observed small improvements in parent mental health and in child physical symptoms (very low‐certainty evidence) with CBT post treatment. They found little to no difference in child physical symptoms at follow‐up (low‐certainty evidence) or in child mental health (high‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence) at either time point with CBT.Moderate‐certainty evidence shows slightly better parent mental health symptoms at short term and at follow‐up (3 to 6 months) with problem solving compared with control, and low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence suggests possible improvement in parenting behavior at both time points. Evidence on other outcomes assessed (child behavior, family functioning, child physical symptoms, child mental health) is very low certainty.Effects of family therapy, multisystemic (individually tailored) psychotherapy, and motivational interviewing are unclear, as only very low‐certainty evidence is available. No studies have assessed adverse events.Fil: Tort, Sera. No especifíca;Fil: Ciapponi, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentin

Clinical question: Can individual behavioral counseling increase smoking abstinence rates?

Evidence of moderate to high quality shows that more people stopped smoking when they received counseling on an individual basis versus minimal contact (up to 15 minutes of advice, with or without self‐help materials) with or without pharmacotherapy (overall, on average, 94 vs 63 per 1000 people quit smoking). More intensive counseling also led to greater success than less intensive counseling (on average, 112 vs 87 per 1000 people quit smoking). However, it is worth noting that the proportion of people who quit was small in both groups; therefore, the actual impact of these interventions on absolute numbers of people who quit may be small

Clinical question: How do different pharmacological interventions compare for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

High‐quality evidence showed that fewer people had alcohol withdrawal seizures with benzodiazepines when compared with antipsychotics (on average 19 versus 78 per 1000 people). No differences were detected between groups when benzodiazepines were compared with anticonvulsants (moderate‐quality evidence), or when anticonvulsants were compared with antipsychotics (moderate‐quality evidence). In terms of adverse events and withdrawals due to adverse events, no differences were detected between any two drug classes (very low‐ to high‐quality evidence depending on comparison). The trials comparing benzodiazepines with each other, or anticonvulsants with each other, were far too small to provide clinically meaningful or reliable results

Clinical question: What are the effects of glucocorticosteroids and/or pentoxifylline in people with alcohol‐related liver disease?

In adults with alcohol‐related liver disease, glucocorticosteroid (GCS) and pentoxifylline, both given alone, were compared with placebo/no intervention; GCS plus pentoxifylline was compared with placebo, GCS alone, or pentoxifylline alone; and pentoxifylline was compared with GCS. Randomized controlled trials reported no clear differences in mortality or the incidence of decompensated cirrhosis for any of these comparisons. More people experienced adverse events with GCS alone or with pentoxifylline alone than with placebo/no intervention (on average, 572 vs 143 per 1000 people, and 373 vs 212 per 1000 people, respectively). Investigators did not report the preferred measure of the number of people experiencing adverse events for the other comparisons; the difference in the number of adverse events experienced by participants cannot be translated into an increase in the number of people experiencing adverse events and therefore is limited in its clinical application. When assessed, the quality of the evidence was very low, and no firm conclusions can be drawn

How does yoga compare with psychological interventions for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer?

For women with a diagnosis of breast cancer, moderate‐ to low‐certainty evidence suggests that yoga may result in lower depression, anxiety, and fatigue scores compared with psychological interventions, although imprecision of results means that the magnitude of this effect remains unclear. Very low‐certainty evidence suggests potential benefits of yoga for quality of life and sleep disturbances; however, these estimations are based on inadequate numbers of participants and are imprecise.Fil: Tort, Sera. No especifíca;Fil: Ciapponi, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentin

Clinical question: Can training health professionals to identify smokers and deliver smoking cessation interventions increase the numbers of patients quitting smoking?

Reviewers conducted a search for studies in March 2012 and identified 15 RCTs published between 1988 and 2010. Given the changes in attitudes toward smoking (particularly in the countries in which the trials were conducted) and in methods of training, little evidence is available reflecting the impact of training in current clinical practice (2019)

Clinical question: In people with cannabis use disorder, can motivational enhancement therapy or cognitive‐behavioral therapy improve outcomes to a greater extent than delayed treatment?

Compared with delayed treatment in adults with cannabis use disorder (mostly in their 20’s and 30’s), motivational enhancement therapy (MET) or cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) may reduce the number of days of cannabis use (on average, by 5.67 days; moderate‐quality evidence), the number of joints per day (very low‐quality evidence), symptoms of dependence (low‐quality evidence), and cannabis‐related problems (including medical, legal, social, or family‐related; low‐quality evidence) when results for these outcomes are elicited for the 30 days immediately before the date of assessment. These apparent benefits were observed for both high‐intensity (more than four sessions, or treatment duration longer than one month) and low‐intensity interventions. However, follow‐up was relatively short (up to 34 weeks), so whether these changes in cannabis use are sustained over the longer term remains unclear

What are the effects of community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages in low- and middle-income countries?

Low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence suggests that community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages may result in lower neonatal (early and late) and perinatal mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Absolute numbers of deaths were not reported, so the clinical impact of these relative decreases is unclear. More women accessed antenatal care and initiated breastfeeding with educational intervention than with usual health services, but the evidence suggests no important impact on the use of any contraceptive method nor on skilled attendance at delivery.Fil: Tort, Sera. No especifíca;Fil: Ciapponi, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentin