Additional file 1: of Ecological opportunity may facilitate diversification in Palearctic freshwater organisms: a case study on hydrobiid gastropods

Table S1. Species names, locality data, locality codes and GenBank accession numbers for the taxa studied. Table S3. Abbreviations of the morphological characters depicted in Additional file 3: Table S2. Figure S2. Comparison of macroevolutionary models. Boxplots showing the relative fit (ΔAIC) of quantitative state speciation and extinction (QuaSSE) models estimating the evolution of temperature preference and its potential influence on speciation rate along 100 random post-burn-in trees of Pseudamnicolinae for (a) mean annual temperature, (b) mean temperature of the warmest season, and (c) mean temperature of the coldest season. Each set of temperature included a standard deviation (SD) of 10, 20, 30%. Dots display the relative fit for the MCC tree. Tables S4, S5. Models testing the relationship of speciation rates with both environmental temperature and elevation, respectively. We fitted quantitative state speciation and extinction (QuaSSE) models with genus specific or independent coefficients for rates of speciation (λ), change of speciation rate with elevation (λElv) and environmental temperature (λTem), and rates of elevational and environmental temperature evolution (σ2). Subscripts P and C denote the two genera Pseudamnicola and Corrosella, respectively. Empty cells indicate identical coefficients of the respective parameter for both genera. Not available (NA) parameters were not included in the respective model. For each model, the first row indicates the coefficients and model fit of the MCC tree. Brackets in the second row include the average and standard deviation of these coefficients as well as the model fit based on 100 random post-burn-in trees. Table S6. Testing mode and rates of morphological divergence of the two sister-genera Pseudamnicola and Corrosella along the MCC. The Brownian Motion (BM) model includes the rate of morphological divergence (σ2) and the morphological optimum (θ). We used AIC-based model comparison to test additional variants of this model that allowed for genus and/or trait specific coefficients. Empty cells indicate identical coefficients for both trait axes or both genera, respectively. For each tested model, the first row indicates the coefficients and model fit of the MCC tree and the brackets in the second row include the average and standard deviation of these coefficients as well as the model fit based on 100 random post-burn-in trees. Because of the relatively small number of species, we could not fit more complex models with genus- and trait specific parameters or selection. (PDF 625 kb

Additional file 3: of Ecological opportunity may facilitate diversification in Palearctic freshwater organisms: a case study on hydrobiid gastropods

Table S2. Morphological dataset. Abbreviations explained in Additional file 1: Table S3. (TXT 5 kb

Additional file 2: of Ecological opportunity may facilitate diversification in Palearctic freshwater organisms: a case study on hydrobiid gastropods

Figure S1. Phylogenetic relationships of Corrosella and Pseudamnicola species based on a Bayesian inference of the combined COI, 16S, and 28S datasets. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated with black dots when < 0.9. Bars on the right denote species assignments. For locality codes see Additional file 1: Table S1. (PDF 2138 kb

Intraspecific Variation in Cellular and Biochemical Heat Response Strategies of Mediterranean <i>Xeropicta derbentina</i> [Pulmonata, Hygromiidae]

<div><p>Dry and hot environments challenge the survival of terrestrial snails. To minimize overheating and desiccation, physiological and biochemical adaptations are of high importance for these animals. In the present study, seven populations of the Mediterranean land snail species <i>Xeropicta derbentina</i> were sampled from their natural habitat in order to investigate the intraspecific variation of cellular and biochemical mechanisms, which are assigned to contribute to heat resistance. Furthermore, we tested whether genetic parameters are correlated with these physiological heat stress response patterns. Specimens of each population were individually exposed to elevated temperatures (25 to 52°C) for 8 h in the laboratory. After exposure, the health condition of the snails' hepatopancreas was examined by means of qualitative description and semi-quantitative assessment of histopathological effects. In addition, the heat-shock protein 70 level (Hsp70) was determined. Generally, calcium cells of the hepatopancreas were more heat resistant than digestive cells - this phenomenon was associated with elevated Hsp70 levels at 40°C.We observed considerable variation in the snails' heat response strategy: Individuals from three populations invested much energy in producing a highly elevated Hsp70 level, whereas three other populations invested energy in moderate stress protein levels - both strategies were in association with cellular functionality. Furthermore, one population kept cellular condition stable despite a low Hsp70 level until 40°C exposure, whereas prominent cellular reactions were observed above this thermal limit. Genetic diversity (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) within populations was low. Nevertheless, when using genetic indices as explanatory variables in a multivariate regression tree (MRT) analysis, population structure explained mean differences in cellular and biochemical heat stress responses, especially in the group exposed to 40°C. Our study showed that, even in similar habitats within a close range, populations of the same species use different stress response strategies that all rendered survival possible.</p></div

Schistosomiasis study area in eastern China.

<p>The map shows the localities of the intermediate snail host <i>Oncomelania h. hupensis</i> sampled (red dots), the assumed maximum distribution area of this subspecies in the lower Yangtze River basin (dashed gray line), and previously delineated endemic areas <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Zhou2" target="_blank">[5]</a> (highlighted areas). The distribution area is based on our own sampling data and literature records <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Li1" target="_blank">[58]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Zhao1" target="_blank">[74]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Kumagai1" target="_blank">[80]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Yang4" target="_blank">[81]</a>, restricted by a reasonable vertical distribution of 0 to 200 m a.s.l. <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327-Ross1" target="_blank">[2]</a>. For detailed locality information see Supporting <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002327#pntd.0002327.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>. TGD = Three Gorges Dam.</p

Candidate topographical and ecological characters of <i>Oncomelania h. hupensis</i> used for the SESR modeling.

<p>All original resolutions were re-sampled to 500 m.</p

Correlation of relative Hsp70 level vs. histopathological mean assessment values.

<p>Data obtained for the populations of the respective exposure groups (25, 33, 40, 43 and 48°C) are framed, respectively. <b>A.</b> Relative Hsp70 level vs. condition of the tubules. <b>B.</b> Relative Hsp70 level vs. condition of the digestive cells. <b>C.</b> Relative Hsp70 level vs. condition of the calcium cells.</p

Within- and between-site genetic differentiation calculated for <i>Xeropicta derbentina</i> populations (1–7) from Southern France based on the COI gene.

<p>On diagonal line: nucleotide diversity (π); above diagonal: haplotype divergence (H_MH) based on the Morisita-Horn index; below diagonal: pairwise fixation index (F_ST).</p

Results of the MRT analyses of PCoA transformed physiological heat stress response data (Hsp70 and histology) constrained with population structure information of <i>Xeropicta derbentina</i> under four temperature conditions.

<p>R²: cross-validated proportion of variance explained by the primary grouping (i.e., first split of the tree); P1–P7: populations studied; π: nucleotide diversity; H_MH3: axis 3 of transformed haplotype diversity; F_ST1, F_ST2: axes 1 and 2 of transformed pairwise fixation index; (+): positive correlation; (−): negative correlation; improved histopathology (i); deteriorated histopathology (d).</p