11 research outputs found
Environmental Conditions Influencing Sorption of Inorganic Anions to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Studied by Column Chromatography
Sorption to carbon-based nanomaterials
is typically studied in
batch experiments. An alternative method offering advantages to study
sorption is column chromatography. Sorbent packed columns are used
and sorption data are determined by relating sorbate retention to
that of a nonretarded tracer. We have now for the first time applied
this technique to study the influence of environmental conditions
on sorption of inorganic anions (bromide, nitrite, nitrate, and iodide)
to multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Deuterium oxide was used as nonretarded
tracer. Sorption isotherms were best described by the Freundlich model.
Sorption increased in the order bromide < nitrite < nitrate
< iodide. Increasing ionic strength from 1 mM to 100 mM sodium
chloride significantly reduced or completely suppressed sorption (bromide,
nitrite) due to competition with chloride. pH strongly affected sorption
as negatively charged analytes were attracted by the positively charged
surface at pH 3. At pH > 4.5 the surface charge was negative, but
sorption was still detectable at pH 6 and 9. Consequently, other forces
than electrostatic attraction contributed to sorption. These forces
may include H-bonding as indicated by sorption enthalpy determined
by variation of column temperature. Overall, column chromatography
represents a promising alternative in sorption studies to reveal sorbent
properties
Sorption of Heterocyclic Organic Compounds to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Sorption
is an important natural and technical process. Sorption
coefficients are typically determined in batch experiments, but this
may be challenging for weakly sorbing compounds. An alternative method
enabling analysis of those compounds is column chromatography. A column
packed with the sorbent is used and sorption data are determined by
relating sorbate retention to that of a nonretarded tracer. In this
study, column chromatography was applied for the first time to study
sorption of previously hardly investigated heterocyclic organic compounds
to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Sorption data for these
compounds are very limited in literature, and weak sorption is expected
from predictions. Deuterium oxide was used as nonretarded tracer.
Sorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model and
data showed reasonable agreement with predicted values. Sorption was
exothermic and physisorption was observed. H-bonding may contribute
to overall sorption, which is supported by reduced sorption with increasing
ionic strength due to blocking of functional groups. Lowering pH reduced
sorption of ionizable compounds, due to electrostatic repulsion at
pH 3 where sorbent as well as sorbates were positively charged. Overall,
column chromatography was successfully used to study sorption of heterocyclic
compounds to MWCNTs and could be applied for other carbon-based sorbents
A New Chemometric Approach for Automatic Identification of Microplastics from Environmental Compartments Based on FT-IR Spectroscopy
One key step studying
interactions of microplastics with our ecological
system is to identify plastics within environmental samples. Aging
processes and surface contamination especially with biofilms impede
this characterization. A complex and time-consuming cleaning procedure
is a common solution for this problem. However, it implies an artificial
change of sample composition with a risk of losing important information
or even damaging microplastic particles. In the present work, we introduce
a new chemometric approach to identify heavily weathered and contaminated
microplastics without any cleaning. The main idea of this concept
is based on an automated curve fitting of most relevant vibrational
bands to calculate a highly characteristic fingerprint that contains
all vibrational band area ratios. This new data set will be used to
estimate the similarity of samples and reference standards for identification.
A total of 300 individual naturally weathered plastic particles were
measured with <i>Fourier</i> transformation infrared spectroscopy
in attenuated total reflection mode (FT-IR ATR) and identified successfully
with the new method. To that end, all samples were compared with a
selection of common reference plastics and bio polymers. As it turns
out, the accuracy of identification rises significantly from 76% by
means of conventional library searching algorithms to 96% by identifying
microplastics with our new method. Therefore, the new approach can
be a useful tool to compare and describe similarities of FT-IR spectra
of microplastics, which may improve further research studies on this
topic
Universal Route to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis in Foodstuff: Two-Dimensional Heart-Cut Liquid ChromatographyâGas ChromatographyâMass Spectrometry
Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in complex
foodstuff is associated with complicated and work-intensive sample
preparation. Chromatographic interference has to be faced in many
situations. The scope of the current work was the development of a
highly efficient two-dimensional heart-cut LC-LC-GC-MS method. Detection
was performed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) to
allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the obtained data in terms
of cleanup efficiency. Additionally, routine detection was performed
with single quadrupole MS. An easy and quick generic sample preparation
protocol was realized as a first step. During method development,
focus was given to optimizing HPLC cleanup for complex foodstuff.
Silica-, polymeric-, and carbon-based HPLC phases were tested. Coupling
of silica gel to Ď-electron acceptor modified silica gel showed
the best cleanup properties. A four rotary valve configuration allowed
the usage of a single binary HPLC pump. Screening of several fatty
and nonfatty food matrices showed the absence of unwanted matrix compounds
in the cleaned-up PAH fraction down to the low picogram range using
TOF-MS. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were below 0.1 Îźg/kg for
all EU priority PAHs. Recovery rates ranged from 82 to 111%. Validation
data fully complied with EU Regulation 836/2011. Sample preparation
was possible in 20 min. Interlacing of HPLC and GC allowed an average
method runtime of 40 min per sample
How Redox Conditions and Irradiation Affect Sorption of PAHs by Dispersed Fullerenes (nC60)
Surface properties, dispersion state, and sorption behavior
of
carbon-based nanomaterials will change after being released into the
environment. To study these processes, five different scenarios were
considered to probe the impact of changes in surface properties of
dispersed fullerenes (nC60) on their sorption potential due to irradiation
and presence of oxygen. Sorption isotherms of pyrene by nC60 were
determined at environmentally relevant concentrations applying a passive
sampling method. Isotherms of all dispersion scenarios were best fit
with the DubininâAshthakov model. Sorption was strongest for
nC60 kept under anoxic condition. Both the presence of oxygen and
irradiation significantly decreased the sorption capacity of nC60,
while commercially available polyhydroxy fullerenes had the smallest
sorption. In addition, competition for sorption sites was never observed
in multiple sorbate experiments with four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
at small concentration. A strong relationship between sorption coefficients
and hydrophobic properties of sorbates suggests that hydrophobic interactions
are of major importance. The results emphasize that aging of released
fullerenes results in a reduced strength of interactions with nonpolar
compounds and, thus, reduces the impact on the environmental transport
of hydrophobic pollutants
A New Reaction Pathway for Bromite to Bromate in the Ozonation of Bromide
Ozone is often used in the treatment
of drinking water. This may
cause problems if the water to be treated contains bromide as its
reaction with ozone leads to the formation of bromate, which is considered
to be carcinogenic. Bromate formation is a multistep process resulting
from the reaction of ozone with bromite. Although this process seemed
to be established, it has been shown that ozone reacts with bromite
not by the previously assumed mechanism via O transfer but via electron
transfer. Besides bromate, the electron-transfer reaction also yields
O<sub>3</sub><sup>â˘â</sup>, the precursor of OH radicals.
The experiments were set up in such a way that OH radicals are not
produced from ozone self-decomposition but solely by the electron-transfer
reaction. This study shows that hydroxyl radicals are indeed generated
by using tBuOH as the OH radical scavenger and measuring its product,
formaldehyde. HOBr and bromate yields were measured in systems with
and without tBuOH. As OH radicals contribute to bromate formation,
higher bromate and HOBr yields were observed in the absence of tBuOH
than in its presence, where all OH radicals are scavenged. On the
basis of the results presented here, a pathway from bromide to bromate,
revised in the last step, was suggested
Origin of Xylitol in Chewing Gum: A Compound-Specific Isotope Technique for the Differentiation of Corn- and Wood-Based Xylitol by LC-IRMS
The sugar replacement compound xylitol
has gained increasing attention
because of its use in many commercial food products, dental-hygiene
articles, and pharmaceuticals. It can be classified by the origin
of the raw material used for its production. The traditional âbirch
xylitolâ is considered a premium product, in contrast to xylitol
produced from agriculture byproducts such as corn husks or sugar-cane
straw. Bulk stable-isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound-specific stable-isotope
analysis (CSIA) by liquid-chromatography isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
(LC-IRMS) of chewing-gum extracts were used to determine the δ<sup>13</sup>C isotope signatures for xylitol. These were applied to elucidate
the original plant type the xylitol was produced from on the basis
of differences in isotope-fractionation processes of photosynthetic
CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. For the LC-IRMS analysis, an organic-solvent-free
extraction protocol and HPLC method for the separation of xylitol
from different artificial sweeteners and sugar-replacement compounds
was successfully developed and applied to the analysis of 21 samples
of chewing gum, from which 18 could be clearly related to the raw-material
plant class
Reaction of Gadolinium Chelates with Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals
Gadolinium chelates
are used in increasing amounts as contrast
agents in magnetic resonance imaging, and their fate in wastewater
treatment has recently become the focus of research. Oxidative processes,
in particular the application of ozone, are currently discussed or
even implemented for advanced wastewater treatment. However, reactions
of the gadolinium chelates with ozone are not yet characterized. In
this study, therefore, rate constants with ozone were determined for
the three commonly used chelates Gd-DTPA, Gd-DTPA-BMA, and Gd-BT-DO3A,
which were found to be 4.8 Âą 0.88, 46 Âą 2.5, and 24 Âą
1.5 M<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>, respectively. These
low rate constants indicate that a direct reaction with ozone in wastewater
is negligible. However, application of ozone in wastewater leads to
substantial yields of <sup>â˘</sup>OH. Different methods have
been applied and compared for determination of <i>k</i><sub>(<sup>â˘</sup>OH+Gd chelate)</sub>. From rate constants
determined by pulse radiolysis experiments (<i>k</i><sub>(<sup>â˘</sup>OH+GdâDTPA)</sub> = 2.6 Âą 0.2 Ă
10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>, <i>k</i><sub>(<sup>â˘</sup>OH+GdâDTPAâBMA)</sub> = 1.9 Âą 0.7 Ă 10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>, <i>k</i><sub>(<sup>â˘</sup>OH+GdâBTâDO3A)</sub> = 4.3 Âą 0.2 Ă 10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>), it is concluded that a reaction in wastewater via <sup>â˘</sup>OH radicals is feasible. Toxicity has been tested for
educt and product mixtures of both reactions. Cytotoxicity (MTT test)
and genotoxicity (micronuclei assay) were not detectable
Online and Splitless NanoLC Ă CapillaryLC with Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Detection for Comprehensive Screening Analysis of Complex Samples
A novel
multidimensional separation system based on online comprehensive
two-dimensional liquid chromatography and hybrid high-resolution mass
spectrometry has been developed for the qualitative screening analysis
and characterization of complex samples. The core of the system is
a consistently miniaturized two-dimensional liquid chromatography
that makes the rapid second dimension compatible with mass spectrometry
without the need for any flow split. Elevated temperature, ultrahigh
pressure, and a superficially porous sub-3-Îźm stationary phase
provide a fast second dimension separation and a sufficient sampling
frequency without a first dimension flow stop. A highly loadable porous
graphitic carbon stationary phase is employed in the first dimension
to implement large volume injections that help countervailing dilution
caused by the sampling process between the two dimensions. Exemplarily,
separations of a 99-component standard mixture and a complex wastewater
sample were used to demonstrate the performance of the dual-gradient
system. In the second dimension, 30 s gradients at a cycle time of
1 min were employed. One multidimensional separation took 80â90
min (âź120 min including extended hold and re-equilibration
in the first dimension). This approach represents a cost-efficient
alternative to online LC Ă LC strategies working with conventionally
sized columns in the rapid second dimension, as solvent consumption
is drastically decreased and analytes still are detectable at environmentally
relevant concentrations
Degradation of Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardants: Development of an Analytical Approach Using PolyFR and UV Irradiation
Many
well-established methods for studying the degradation of brominated
flame retardants are not useful when working with polymeric and water
insoluble species. An example for this specific class of flame retardants
is PolyFR (polymeric flame retardant; CAS No 1195978â93â8),
which is used as a substituent for hexabromocyclododecane. Although
it has been on the market for two years now, almost no information
is available about its long time behavior in the environment. Within
this study, we focus on how to determine a possible degradation of
both pure PolyFR as well as PolyFR in the final insulation product,
expanded polystyrene foam. Therefore, we chose UV radiation followed
by analyses of the total bromine content at different time points
via ICP-MS and identified possible degradation products such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol
through LC-MS. These results were then linked with measurements of
the adsorbable organically bound bromine and total organic carbon
in order to estimate their concentrations. With respect to the obtained <sup>1</sup>H NMR, GPC, and contact angle results, the possibility for
further degradation was discussed, as UV irradiation can influence
the decomposition of molecules in combination with other environmental
factors like biodegradation