Biomarkers in Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Current and emerging biomarkers in primary head and neck carcinoma have diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value. Following histomorphological evaluation, immunohistochemical markers, and molecular methods may help to differentiate between numerous tumor types. Phenotypic markers which are related with squamous and neuroendocrine differentiation or viral infections are helpful in upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas. Additionally, recently described molecular alterations, such as&nbsp;NUT&nbsp;translocation or&nbsp;SMARCB1&nbsp;and&nbsp;IDH2&nbsp;mutations, aid in classifying them better. The prognostic importance of high-risk human papillomavirus positivity which is prominent in the oropharynx and is possible in some other sites in head and neck and the diagnostic utility of the detection of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma or lymphoepithelial carcinoma is notified. Immunohistochemical markers together with certain molecular alterations, especially specific translocations in salivary glands, are helpful for overcoming diagnostic difficulties and for increasingly guiding the utilization of targeted therapies. Hereby, this chapter reviews the latest developments in biomarkers in primary head and neck carcinomas with a focus on distinctive phenotypic and molecular aspects.</p

The prognostic importance of double-expressor subgroup and AID, UNG and mismatch repair protein expressions in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Objective: The cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, (DLBCL not otherwise specified (NOS)) which immunohistochemically exhibit MYC and BCL2 expressions arc defined as double-expressor lymphomas (DELs). This study aimed to assess the prognostic impact of DEL and the expressions of other proteins that may have role in tumorogenesis

The prognostic importance of double-expressor subgroup and AID , UNG and mismatch repair protein expressions in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Objective: The cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, (DLBCL not otherwise specified (NOS)) which immunohistochemically exhibit MYC and BCL2 expressions arc defined as double-expressor lymphomas (DELs). This study aimed to assess the prognostic impact of DEL and the expressions of other proteins that may have role in tumorogenesis

Pathology and Biobanking

Biobanks are units where high quality and long-term protection of biomaterials is maintained. This system, in which biological materials and data are systematically recorded and stored, is a unique resource for the study of the pathophysiology of disease, the development of diagnostic biomarkers, and working with human tissues for the potential discovery of targeted therapeutic agents. At this point, the pathology unit plays a unifying and complementary role between the clinical and core disciplines and offers optimal management of the patients' biomaterials for diagnostic and research projects. The aim of this article is to present general information with regard to a biobank constructed for the storage of tumor tissue and blood biospecimens