Double mutant <i>dhfr</i> 51I/108N.

<p>This table describes the SP resistant lineages seen in Brazil before the general fixation of triple mutants at various sites. ‘n  = ‘ denotes the number of isolates with this <i>dhfr</i>/<i>dhps</i> profile.</p

Geographic distribution of <i>dhfr</i> and <i>dhps</i> genotypes, 1990s.

<p>This figure shows the sites examined during the 1990s, noted with red stars, for <i>dhfr</i>. All sites were fixed for the 437G/540E/581G dhps allele, with the exception of one isolate in Itaituba carrying 437G/581G, and therefore these pie charts were omitted The color coding for <i>dhfr</i> appears in the bottom of the map. The data provided for Peixoto de Azevedo, noted by the blue star came from the work of others <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058984#pone.0058984-Vasconcelos1" target="_blank">[45]</a>.</p

Pairwise F_ST of different sites in Brazil.

<p>This table shows pairwise F_ST of different sites using samples collected during 1996 to 2003. Rondônia consists of Porto Velho isolates, with the exception of one isolate from Ariquemes.</p

Temporal and geographic distribution of <i>dhfr</i> alleles in Brazil.

<p>This table, broken into three pieces for readability, describes the genotypes and haplotypes of <i>dhfr</i> seen over time at different sites in Brazil.</p

<i>dhfr</i> triple mutant H_e changes over time (51I/108N/164L).

<p>The figure shows variation in H_e surrounding <i>dhfr</i> for parasites carrying the 51I/108N/164L mutant during the 1980s (n = 8) and 1990s (n = 19). H_e surrounding this allele appears to have increased between the two periods. The two flat, dashed lines represent two different estimates of neutral H_e in Brazil.</p

H_e around <i>dhps</i> from multiple periods across Brazil.

<p>The figure shows variation in H_e surrounding <i>dhps</i> during the 1980s and 1990s. It appears that H_e has increased between the 1980s (n = 21) and 1990s (n = 126) for the triple mutant. The double mutant (n = 7) seems to have a similar shape as the triple mutants. The two flat, dashed lines represent two different estimates of neutral H_e in Brazil.</p

<i>dhfr</i> triple mutant H_e changes over time (50R/108N).

<p>The figure shows variation in H_e surrounding <i>dhfr</i> for parasites carrying a 51I/108N double mutant during the 1980s (n = 10) and the 1990s (n = 8). The two flat, dashed lines represent two different estimates of neutral H_e in Brazil.</p

<i>dhfr</i> triple mutant H_e changes over time (50R/51I/108N).

<p>The figure shows variation in H_e surrounding <i>dhfr</i> for parasites carrying a 50R/51I/108N mutants during the 1980s (n = 14) and 1990s (n = 92). Note that H_e around the triple mutants seems similar between the two decades. The two flat, dashed lines represent two different estimates of neutral H_e in Brazil.</p

Samples used in this study.

<p>Samples used in this study.</p

Geographic distribution of <i>dhfr</i> and <i>dhps</i> genotypes, 1980s.

<p>This figure shows the sites examined, noted with red stars, during the 1980s for <i>dhfr</i> and <i>dhps</i> genotypes. For each gene and site, there are two pie charts. The color coding for the alleles appears in the bottom of the map. Note that alleles with fewer mutations appear in the eastern portion of the country, while the 51I/108N/164L allele appears at a central and northeastern site.</p