In vitro study of the inflammatory cells response to biodegradable Mg-based alloy extract

<div><p>Biodegradable Mg-based alloys have shown great potential as bone fixation devices or vascular stents. As implant biomaterials, the foreign body reaction (FBR) is an important issue to be studied, where the inflammatory cells play a key role. Here, we used two inflammatory cell lines i.e. THP-1 cells and THP-1 macrophages, to evaluate the effect of Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr alloy (denoted as JDBM) extracts on cell viability, death modes, cell cycle, phagocytosis, differentiation, migration and inflammatory response. The results showed that high-concentration extract induced necrosis and complete damage of cell function. For middle-concentration extract, cell apoptosis and partially impaired cell function were observed. TNF-α expression of macrophages was up-regulated by co-culture with extract in 20% concentration, but was down-regulated in the same concentration in the presence of LPS stimulation. Interestingly, the production of TNF-α decreased when macrophages were cultured in middle and high concentration extracts independent of LPS. Cell viability was also negatively affected by magnesium ions in JDBM extracts, which was a potential factor affecting cell function. Our results provide new information about the impact of Mg alloy extracts on phenotype of immune cells and the potential mechanism, which should be taken into account prior to clinical applications.</p></div

The impact of JDBM extracts on the phagocytic function of macrophages.

<p>(A) A representative result of cell phagocytic performance with beads for 4h after induced by JDBM extracts or RPMI 1640 (ctr) for 24h by FACS. (B) Statistical results of FACS. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs ctr.</p

The impact of JDBM extracts on the migration function of macrophages.

<p>(A) A representative result of scratch assay after treated with JDBM extracts or RPMI 1640 (ctr) at 0, 24, 48h, respectively. Scale bar = 100μm. (B) statistical results of scratch assay. ^#<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs 0hr related group*<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs 24hr related group.</p

The physicochemical characteristics of JDBM extract.

<p>The physicochemical characteristics of JDBM extract.</p

The impact JDBM extract on cell cycle of THP-1 cells.

<p>(A) A representative result of cell cycle after treatment of RPMI 1640 medium (Ctr) or JDBM extract for 72h. (B) Statistical results of cell cycle of THP-1 cells in extract culture for 72h. (C) The expression of cell cycle related genes of THP-1 cell treated with indicated for 24h *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs ctr.</p

The test on death modes of THP-1 cells and macrophages induced by JDBM extract with different concentration or RPMI 1640 medium (Ctr).

<p>(A) A representative result of cell performance in various extract assayed by FACS for 72h. (B and C) Percentage of THP-1 cells and macrophages in different death mode, respectively, which cultured in JDBM extract or ctr for 72h.(D and E) The expression of aptosis-related genes in THP-1 cells and macrophages treated with indicated *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs ctr.</p

The impact of PMA and JDBM extracts on cell differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophage.

<p>PMA treatment alone was pos-ctr, PRMI 1640 treatment alone was neg-ctr. (A-C) representative results of FACS test on CD14, CD54 and TLR-2, respectively, after induced by JDBM extract cell differentiation performance in various extract assayed. THP-1 cell without PMA was THP-1 and with PMA was ctr. (D) Statistical results of the expression change on CD14, CD54 and TLR-2 of cell under various extracts. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs ctr, ^▲<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs THP-1.</p

High-Performance All 2D-Layered Tin Disulfide: Graphene Photodetecting Transistors with Thickness-Controlled Interface Dynamics

Tin disulfide crystals with layered two-dimensional (2D) sheets are grown by chemical vapor deposition using a novel precursor approach and integrated into all 2D transistors with graphene (Gr) electrodes. The Gr:SnS₂:Gr transistors exhibit excellent photodetector response with high detectivity and photoresponsivity. We show that the response of the all 2D photodetectors depends upon charge trapping at the interface and the Schottky barrier modulation. The thickness-dependent SnS₂ measurements in devices reveal a transition from the interface-dominated response for thin crystals to bulklike response for the thicker SnS₂ crystals, showing the sensitivity of devices fabricated using layered materials on the number of layers. These results show that SnS₂ has photosensing performance when combined with Gr electrodes that is comparable to other 2D transition metal dichalcogenides of MoS₂ and WS₂

Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Two-Dimensional Monolayer Gallium Sulfide Crystals Using Hydrogen Reduction of Ga₂S₃

Two-dimensional gallium sulfide (GaS) crystals are synthesized by a simple and efficient ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using a single-source precursor of Ga₂S₃. The synthesized GaS structures involve triangular monolayer domains and multilayer flakes with thickness of 1 and 15 nm, respectively. Regions of continuous films of GaS are also achieved with about 0.7 cm² uniform coverage. This is achieved by using hydrogen carrier gas and the horizontally placed SiO₂/Si substrates. Electron microscopy and spectroscopic measurements are used to characteristic the CVD-grown materials. This provides important insights into novel approaches for enlarging the domain size of GaS crystals and understanding of the growth mechanism using this precursor system