Summary of clinical and public health approaches to HBV that are driven by viewing it as an infection, liver disease, carcinogen or syndemic challenge.

Figure created using BioRender with a licence to publish.</p

Resource gap in research funding allocations and academic publications for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, and malaria.

<p>Panels A/C: funding data from the United States National Institutes for Health (NIH) estimated funding for research, condition, and disease categories 2013–2018 (*projected figures for 2017 and 2018), available at <a href="https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx" target="_blank">https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx</a>, downloaded June 2017. For the projected funding allocation for 2018, HCV will receive 2.3-fold HBV funding, malaria 4.8-fold, and HIV 66.8-fold. Research into “malaria” and “malaria vaccine” are subdivided in the source data set but have been pooled in this graphic. Panels B/D: We recorded the number of publications listed on NCBI PubMed based on the search terms “HIV,” “HBV,” “HCV,” and “malaria” for each year from 2007–2016. Example search string for HBV publications in 2016: (HBV[Title]) AND ("2016/01/01"[Date—Publication]: "2016/12/31"[Date—Publication]). Data are represented as absolute numbers (panels A and B) and the proportion of the whole (panels C and D). For hepatitis delta virus (HDV), funding allocation data are not available, and we identified <25 publications/year (range 7–23).</p

Drug therapy used to treat HBV.

<p>Costing is based on the International Medical Products Price Guide: <a href="http://mshpriceguide.org/en" target="_blank">http://mshpriceguide.org/en</a> (data accessed May 2017. Price for lamivudine (3TC)—South Africa Department of Health; Price for tenofovir (TDF)—Supply Chain Management Project; price for HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG)—Sudan Medicins Sans Frontieres). WHO essential medicines: <a href="http://who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">http://who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1</a>.</p

A package of interventions to move towards elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a public health threat.

<p>Suggested measures are aligned with WHO interventions for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).</p

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) cascade.

<p>Diagrammatic representation of the total burden of HBV infection and the subsets of individuals who are diagnosed (orange), linked to care (green), engaged with care (blue), on treatment (light purple), and have suppressed viremia (dark purple). An estimate of the proportion of cases undiagnosed versus diagnosed (91% versus 9%, respectively) is based on the WHO fact sheet [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005842#pntd.0005842.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>]. The proportion who flow from each pool to the next is otherwise represented by a question mark, as these numbers are not represented by robust data.</p