Fabrication and characterization of ceria-carbonate composite electrolyte and single layer fuel cell

<p>a) Frenet-Serret frame. Vectors N, B, and T denote normal, binormal, and tangent. b) Example of normal vectors along a curve.</p

Geometric data measurement by each heart.

<p>Geometric data measurement by each heart.</p

Coordinate system used to define the vessel surface.

<p>Coordinate system used to define the vessel surface.</p

Geometric data of vascular smooth muscle cells.

<p>Geometric data of vascular smooth muscle cells.</p

Resliced image space construction for coronary artery collagen fibers

<div><p>Collagen fibers play an important role in the biomechanics of the blood vessel wall. The objective of this study was to determine the 3D microstructure of collagen fibers in the media and adventitia of coronary arteries. We present a novel optimal angle consistence algorithm to reform image slices in the visualization and analysis of 3D collagen images. 3D geometry was reconstructed from resliced image space where the 3D skeleton was extracted as the primary feature for accurate reconstruction of geometrical parameters. Collagen fibers (range 80–200) were reconstructed from the porcine coronary artery wall for the measurement of various morphological parameters. Collagen waviness and diameters were 1.37 ± 0.19 and 2.61 ± 0.89 μm, respectively. The biaxial distributions of orientation had two different peaks at 110.7 ± 25.2° and 18.4 ± 19.3°. Results for width, waviness, and orientation were found to be in good agreement with manual measurements. In addition to accurately measuring 2D features more efficiently than the manual approach, the present method produced 3D features that could not be measured in the 2D manual approach. These additional parameters included the tilt angle (5.10 ± 2.95°) and cross-sectional area (CSA; 5.98 ± 3.79 μm²) of collagen fibers. These 3D collagen reconstructions provide accurate and reliable microstructure for biomechanical modeling of vessel wall mechanics.</p></div

Resliced image space construction for coronary artery collagen fibers - Fig 8

<p>a) CSA result. b) Diameter result. c) Tilt angle result. d) Waviness result.</p

Out-plane Orientation angle by each heart.

<p>Out-plane Orientation angle by each heart.</p

In-plane Orientation angle by each heart.

<p>In-plane Orientation angle by each heart.</p

Example of initial curve on collagen image slice.

<p>Example of initial curve on collagen image slice.</p

Orientation result.

<p>a) Original angles. b) One distribution was extracted with a mean of 110 degrees. c) Another distribution with a mean at 18 degrees.</p