Transport of Artificial Virus-like Nanocarriers (AVN) through intestinal monolayer via Microfold cells

Compared with subcutaneous or intramuscular routes for vaccination, vaccine delivery via gastrointestinal mucosa has tremendous potential as it is easy to administer and pain free. Robust immune responses can be triggered successfully once vaccine carried antigen reaches the mucosal associated lymphoid sites (e.g., Peyer’s patches). However, the absence of an efficient delivery method has always been an issue for successful oral vaccine development. In our study, inspired by mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) transport into gut mucosal lymphoid tissue via Microfold cells (M cells), artificial virus-like nanocarriers (AVN), consisting of gold nanocages functionalized with the 1 protein from mammalian reovirus (MRV), were tested as an effective oral vaccine delivery vehicle targeting M cells. AVN was shown to have a significantly higher transport compared to other experimental groups across mouse organoid monolayers containing M cells. These findings suggest that AVN has the potential to be an M cell-specific oral vaccine/drug delivery vehicle

Transport of artificial virus-like nano-carriers via m cell mediated transcytosis

Compared with subcutaneous or intramuscular routes for vaccination, oral vaccination or vaccine delivery via gastrointestinal mucosa has tremendous potential as it is easy to administer and pain free. Robust immune responses can be triggered successfully once vaccine carried antigen reaches the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). However, the absence of an efficient delivery method has always been an issue for successful oral vaccine development. In our study, inspired by mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) transport into gut mucosal lymphoid tissue via Microfold cells (M cells), artificial virus-like nanocarriers (AVNs, gold nanocages-based and hollowed silica nanospheres-based), consisting of gold nanocages/hollowed silica spheres functionalized with the σ1 protein from mammalian reovirus (MRV), were tested as an effective oral vaccine delivery vehicle utilizing M cell-mediated transcytosis pathway for effective transport of payloads. Poly-l-lysine’s role as coating material for both AVNs was also tested. Gold AVN and Silica AVN were shown to have a significantly higher transport total compared to other experimental groups across M cell incorporated mouse organoid monolayers. Thus, we proved that with σ1 protein functionalization and poly-l-lysine (PLL) coating, a potentially highly effective transport system for oral vaccines can be developed that target M cell mediated transcytosis pathway to deliver vaccines to MALTs regardless of the type of nanoparticles

Transport of artificial virus-like nano-carriers via m cell mediated transcytosis

Compared with subcutaneous or intramuscular routes for vaccination, oral vaccination or vaccine delivery via gastrointestinal mucosa has tremendous potential as it is easy to administer and pain free. Robust immune responses can be triggered successfully once vaccine carried antigen reaches the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). However, the absence of an efficient delivery method has always been an issue for successful oral vaccine development. In our study, inspired by mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) transport into gut mucosal lymphoid tissue via Microfold cells (M cells), artificial virus-like nanocarriers (AVNs, gold nanocages-based and hollowed silica nanospheres-based), consisting of gold nanocages/hollowed silica spheres functionalized with the σ1 protein from mammalian reovirus (MRV), were tested as an effective oral vaccine delivery vehicle utilizing M cell-mediated transcytosis pathway for effective transport of payloads. Poly-l-lysine’s role as coating material for both AVNs was also tested. Gold AVN and Silica AVN were shown to have a significantly higher transport total compared to other experimental groups across M cell incorporated mouse organoid monolayers. Thus, we proved that with σ1 protein functionalization and poly-l-lysine (PLL) coating, a potentially highly effective transport system for oral vaccines can be developed that target M cell mediated transcytosis pathway to deliver vaccines to MALTs regardless of the type of nanoparticles

Transport of artificial virus-like nano-carriers via m cell mediated transcytosis

Compared with subcutaneous or intramuscular routes for vaccination, oral vaccination or vaccine delivery via gastrointestinal mucosa has tremendous potential as it is easy to administer and pain free. Robust immune responses can be triggered successfully once vaccine carried antigen reaches the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). However, the absence of an efficient delivery method has always been an issue for successful oral vaccine development. In our study, inspired by mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) transport into gut mucosal lymphoid tissue via Microfold cells (M cells), artificial virus-like nanocarriers (AVNs, gold nanocages-based and hollowed silica nanospheres-based), consisting of gold nanocages/hollowed silica spheres functionalized with the σ1 protein from mammalian reovirus (MRV), were tested as an effective oral vaccine delivery vehicle utilizing M cell-mediated transcytosis pathway for effective transport of payloads. Poly-l-lysine’s role as coating material for both AVNs was also tested. Gold AVN and Silica AVN were shown to have a significantly higher transport total compared to other experimental groups across M cell incorporated mouse organoid monolayers. Thus, we proved that with σ1 protein functionalization and poly-l-lysine (PLL) coating, a potentially highly effective transport system for oral vaccines can be developed that target M cell mediated transcytosis pathway to deliver vaccines to MALTs regardless of the type of nanoparticles

Co-effects of calcium carbonate and sodium bisulfite modification on improving water resistance of soy protein adhesives

Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science & IndustryXiuzhi Susan SunBio-based protein adhesives derived from renewable resources, especially soy protein are becoming more significant due to the concerns about environment and health related issues and the limit of petroleum recourses. However, the relatively poor water resistance of soy-based protein adhesives limits its wide applications. The goal of this study was to improve the water resistance performance of soy-based protein adhesives by chemical modification. The specific objectives are 1) to modify soy protein with calcium carbonate (CaCO[subscript]3) and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO[subscript]3) as the denaturing agents; 2) to investigate the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO[subscript]3) concentrations, curing time and curing temperatures on adhesion performance of the modified soy-based protein adhesives. In this study, the co-effects of NaHSO[subscript]3 and CaCO[subscript]3 on adhesion properties of soy protein adhesives were investigated. NaHSO[subscript]3 was added to soy flour slurry at constant concentration 6g/L, while concentration of CaCO[subscript]3 was chosen in the range of 0 to 23g/L. Soy protein adhesives modified with 4g/L and 16g/L CaCO[subscript]3 were selected to characterize the adhesion performance on 3 ply yellow pine plywood using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The effects of curing temperature and curing time on the adhesion properties were also studied. The major findings are 1) 4g/L CaCO[subscript]3, 6g/L NaHSO[subscript]3 modified soy protein adhesives (MSPA) had better adhesion performance (both dry and wet) than 16g/L CaCO[subscript]3, 6g/L NaHSO[subscript]3 MSPA; 2) Higher temperature (170°C) resulted in higher wet shear adhesion strengths; 3) Longer hot press time had positive impact on wet adhesion shear strength; and 4) 4g/L CaCO[subscript]3, 6g/L NaHSO[subscript]3 MSPA showed better adhesion shear strength after 2 weeks storage than 16g/L CaCO[subscript]3, 6g/L NaHSO[subscript]3 MSPA. In general, 4g/L CaCO[subscript]3, 6g/L NaHSO[subscript]3 MSPA, under longer hot press time and higher temperature would lead to a better adhesion performance

Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity

This review aims to provide an informative summary of studies on extraction and nanoencapsulation of phlorotannins to improve their bioavailability and bioactivity. The origin, structure, and different types of phlorotannins were briefly discussed, and the extraction/purification/characterization methods for phlorotannins were reviewed, with a focus on techniques to improve the bioactivities and bioavailability of phlorotannins via nano-sized delivery systems. Phlorotannins are promising natural polyphenol compounds that have displayed high bioactivities in several areas: anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and antioxidant. This review aims to provide a useful reference for researchers working on developing better utilization strategies for phlorotannins as pharmaceuticals, therapeuticals, and functional food supplements

Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity

This review aims to provide an informative summary of studies on extraction and nanoencapsulation of phlorotannins to improve their bioavailability and bioactivity. The origin, structure, and different types of phlorotannins were briefly discussed, and the extraction/purification/characterization methods for phlorotannins were reviewed, with a focus on techniques to improve the bioactivities and bioavailability of phlorotannins via nano-sized delivery systems. Phlorotannins are promising natural polyphenol compounds that have displayed high bioactivities in several areas: anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and antioxidant. This review aims to provide a useful reference for researchers working on developing better utilization strategies for phlorotannins as pharmaceuticals, therapeuticals, and functional food supplements.This article is published as Tong, Tianjian, Xiaoyang Liu, and Chenxu Yu. "Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity." Marine Drugs 19, no. 11 (2021): 625. DOI: 10.3390/md19110625. Copyright 2021 by the authors. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Posted with permission

Advances in Algin and Alginate-Hybrid Materials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

In this review, we aim to provide a summary of recent research advancements and applications of algin (i.e., alginic acid) and alginate-hybrid materials (AHMs) in medical fields. Algin/alginate are abundant natural products that are chemically inert and biocompatible, and they have superior gelation properties, good mechanical strengths, and biodegradability. The AHMs have been widely applied in wound dressing, cell culture, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. However, medical applications in different fields require different properties in the AHMs. The drug delivery application requires AHMs to provide optimal drug loading, controlled and targeted drug-releasing, and/or visually guided drug delivery. AHMs for wound dressing application need to have improved mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, and antibacterial properties. AHMs for tissue engineering need improved mechanical properties that match the target organs, superior cell affinity, and cell loading capacity. Various methods to produce AHMs that meet different needs were summarized. Formulations to form AHMs with improved stability, drug/cell-loading capacity, cell adhesion, and mechanical properties are active research areas. This review serves as a road map to provide insights into the strategies to develop AHMs in medical applications