Growth, profits and technological choice: The case of the Lancashire cotton textile industry

Using Lancashire textile industry company case studies and financial records, mainly from the period just before the First World War, the processes of growth and decline are re-examined. These are considered by reference to the nature of Lancashire entrepreneurship and the impact on technological choice. Capital accumulation, associated wealth distributions and the character of Lancashire business organisation were sybiotically linked to the success of the industry before 1914. However, the legacy of that accumulation in later decades, chronic overcapacity, formed a barrier to reconstruction and enhanced the preciptious decline of a once great industry

Bose-Einstein condensation of the magnetized ideal Bose gas

We study the charged non-relativistic Bose gas interacting with a constant magnetic field but which is otherwise free. The notion of Bose-Einstein condensation for the three dimensional case is clarified, and we show that although there is no condensation in the sense of a phase transition, there is still a maximum in the specific heat which can be used to define a critical temperature. Although the absence of a phase transition persists for all values of the magnetic field, we show how as the magnetic field is reduced the curves for the specific heat approach the free field curve. For large values of the magnetic field we show that the gas undergoes a "dimensional reduction" and behaves effectively as a one-dimensional gas except at very high temperatures. These general features persist for other spatial dimensions D and we show results for D=5. Finally we examine the magnetization and the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect.Comment: 4 pages RevTex 2 column format with 4 eps figures, uses epsf. Replaced version has missing acknowledgements and a discussion of two references is corrected thanks to discussions with J. Daicic and N. Franke

Diamagnetism versus Paramagnetism in charged spin-1 Bose gases

It has been suggested that either diamagnetism or paramagnetism of Bose gases, due to the charge or spin degrees of freedom respectively, appears solely to be extraordinarily strong. We investigate magnetic properties of charged spin-1 Bose gases in external magnetic field, focusing on the competition between the diamagnetism and paramagnetism, using the Lande-factor $g$ of particles to evaluate the strength of paramagnetic effect. We propose that a gas with $g<{1/\sqrt{8}}$ exhibits diamagnetism at all temperatures, while a gas with $g>{1/2}$ always exhibits paramagnetism. Moreover, a gas with the Lande-factor in between shows a shift from paramagnetism to diamagnetism as the temperature decreases. The paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions to the total magnetization density are also calculated in order to demonstrate some details of the competition.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Comparison theory and smooth minimal C*-dynamics

We prove that the C*-algebra of a minimal diffeomorphism satisfies Blackadar's Fundamental Comparability Property for positive elements. This leads to the classification, in terms of K-theory and traces, of the isomorphism classes of countably generated Hilbert modules over such algebras, and to a similar classification for the closures of unitary orbits of self-adjoint elements. We also obtain a structure theorem for the Cuntz semigroup in this setting, and prove a conjecture of Blackadar and Handelman: the lower semicontinuous dimension functions are weakly dense in the space of all dimension functions. These results continue to hold in the broader setting of unital simple ASH algebras with slow dimension growth and stable rank one. Our main tool is a sharp bound on the radius of comparison of a recursive subhomogeneous C*-algebra. This is also used to construct uncountably many non-Morita-equivalent simple separable amenable C*-algebras with the same K-theory and tracial state space, providing a C*-algebraic analogue of McDuff's uncountable family of II_1 factors. We prove in passing that the range of the radius of comparison is exhausted by simple C*-algebras.Comment: 30 pages, no figure

A Minimalist Turbulent Boundary Layer Model

We introduce an elementary model of a turbulent boundary layer over a flat surface, given as a vertical random distribution of spanwise Lamb-Oseen vortex configurations placed over a non-slip boundary condition line. We are able to reproduce several important features of realistic flows, such as the viscous and logarithmic boundary sublayers, and the general behavior of the first statistical moments (turbulent intensity, skewness and flatness) of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. As an application, we advance some heuristic considerations on the boundary layer underlying kinematics that could be associated with the phenomenon of drag reduction by polymers, finding a suggestive support from its experimental signatures.Comment: 5 pages, 10 figure

Quantum corrections to Higher-Dimensional Theories

This is a non-technical summary of the subtleties of quantum corrections on extra-dimensional theories: should one first renormalize and then mode expand, or first expand in four-dimensional modes and then renormalize?Comment: 9 pages, based on a talk at IRGAC 2006, Barcelon

There is no new physics in the multiplicative anomaly

We discuss the role of the multiplicative anomaly for a complex scalar field at finite temperature and density. It is argued that physical considerations must be applied to determine which of the many possible expressions for the effective action obtained by the functional integral method is correct. This is done by first studying the non-relativistic field where the thermodynamic potential is well-known. The relativistic case is also considered. We emphasize that the role of the multiplicative anomaly is not to lead to new physics, but rather to preserve the equality among the various expressions for the effective action.Comment: 24 pages, RevTex, no figure

Neck atonia with a focal stimulation-induced seizure arising from the SMA: pathophysiological considerations.

A 28-year-old patient with pharmacoresistant non-lesional right frontal epilepsy underwent extra-operative intracranial EEG recordings and electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) to map eloquent cortex. Right supplementary motor area (SMA) ECS induced a brief seizure with habitual symptoms involving neck tingling followed by asymmetric tonic posturing. An additional feature was neck atonia. During atonia and sensory aura, discharges were seen in the mesial frontal electrodes and precentral gyrus. Besides motor signs, atonia, although rare and not described in the neck muscles, and sensations have been reported with SMA stimulation. The mechanisms underlying neck atonia in seizures arising from the SMA can be explained by supplementary negative motor area (SNMA) - though this was not mapped in electrodes overlying the ictal onset zone in our patient - or primary sensorimotor cortex activation through rapid propagation. Given the broad spectrum of signs elicited by SMA stimulation and rapid spread of seizures arising from the SMA, caution should be taken to not diagnose these as non-epileptic, as had previously occurred in this patient