Compatibility between Jacobi structures and pseudo-Riemannian cometrics on Jacobi algebroids

We define compatibility between Jacobi structures and pseudo-Riemannian cometrics on Jacobi algebroids. This notion is a generalization of the compatibility between Poisson structures and pseudo-Riemannian cometrics on manifolds, which was defined by Boucetta. We show that the compatibility with a cometric is ``preserved'' by the Poissonization of a Jacobi structure. Furthermore, we prove that for a contact pseudo-metric structure on a manifold, satisfying the compatibility condition is equivalent to being a Sasakian pseudo-metric structure.Comment: 17 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2112.0349

Resolvents of equilibrium problems in a complete geodesic space with negative curvature

In this paper, we propose a resolvent of an equilibrium problem in a geodesic space with negative curvature having the convex hull finite property. We prove its well-definedness as a single-valued mapping whose domain is whole space, and study the fundamental properties.Comment: 10 page

Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research

Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments

Estrogen for Male Function: Effect of Changes in the Sex Hormone Milieu on Erectile Function

Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Moreover, estrogens also influence erectile function, and high estrogen levels are a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). In this review, we summarize relevant research examining the effects of the sex hormone milieu on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs, particularly erectile tissue. The mechanisms through which testosterone deficiency affects erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy have been extensively studied. Estrogen, the female sexual hormone, also affects erectile function, as demonstrated in both clinical and basic studies. Interestingly, estradiol-testosterone imbalance is considered a risk factor for ED. Furthermore, endocrine-disrupting chemicals have estrogen-like effects and cause ED. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, first-line drugs for the treatment of ED, increase the levels of testosterone and estradiol in patients with low testosterone levels. Therefore, estrogen levels should be carefully monitored in patients receiving PDE-5 inhibitors. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings using molecular tools in order to provide insights into the treatment and mechanisms of endocrine-related ED

Neuromorphic application of oxide semiconductors

Artificial intelligences are promising as key technologies in future societies. However, the conventional ones are executed using complicated software on high-specked hardware, and the machine size is very bulky and power consumption is unbelievably huge. Therefore, we are investigating braintype integrated system , namely, neural network built only by hardware, which can be compact, low power, robust, and integrated on everything in future. In order to realize that system, simplification of the processing elements, such as neurons and synapse, three-dimensional structure, and low cost fabrication are required. We have succeeded in that simplification and are trying to utilize oxide semiconductors for the neuromorphic application because they can be fabricated using low cost fabrication such as sputtering and printing, by which the three-dimensional structure can be obtained in future. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Machine learning refinement of in situ images acquired by low electron dose LC-TEM

We study a machine learning (ML) technique for refining images acquired during in situ observation using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM). Our model is constructed using a U-Net architecture and a ResNet encoder. For training our ML model, we prepared an original image dataset that contained pairs of images of samples acquired with and without a solution present. The former images were used as noisy images and the latter images were used as corresponding ground truth images. The number of pairs of image sets was $1,204$ and the image sets included images acquired at several different magnifications and electron doses. The trained model converted a noisy image into a clear image. The time necessary for the conversion was on the order of 10ms, and we applied the model to in situ observations using the software Gatan DigitalMicrograph (DM). Even if a nanoparticle was not visible in a view window in the DM software because of the low electron dose, it was visible in a successive refined image generated by our ML model.Comment: 33 pages, 9 figure

Transformation of peptide nanotubes into a vesicle via fusion driven by stereo-complex formation.

Two types of peptide nanotubes, one is prepared from an amphiphilic peptide having a right-handed helix segment and the other from that having a left-handed helix segment, are shown to transform the morphology into a vesicle by membrane fusion due to stereo-complex formation between these helical segments