Adjusted hazard ratios of atrial premature complexes for cardiovascular disease deaths in various subgroups.

<div><p>Multivariate-adjusted Model 3 (age, gender, body mass index, smoking habit, drinking habit, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, and other ECG findings).</p> <p>BMI, body mass index.</p></div

Hazard Ratios Adjusted for Framingham Risk Score and Risk Probability with NIPPON DATA80 Risk Chart.

<p>Hazard Ratios Adjusted for Framingham Risk Score and Risk Probability with NIPPON DATA80 Risk Chart.</p

Correlation matrix for plasma metabolite levels: Pearson correlation coefficients for 13 metabolite concentrations (log-transferred) associated with TPA in the original dataset.

<p>Correlation matrix for plasma metabolite levels: Pearson correlation coefficients for 13 metabolite concentrations (log-transferred) associated with TPA in the original dataset.</p

Definition of the ECG abnormal categories.

<p>Definition of the ECG abnormal categories.</p

Frequency of Axial, Structural and Repolarization Abnormalities Divided by Gender.

<p>Fig 1A. Men. Fig 1B. Women.</p

Impact of the Number of Abnormal ECG Categories on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Death in Women.

<p>Impact of the Number of Abnormal ECG Categories on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Death in Women.</p

The Number of Individuals Accounting for the Framingham Risk Score and the NIPPON DATA80 Risk Chart.

<p>The Number of Individuals Accounting for the Framingham Risk Score and the NIPPON DATA80 Risk Chart.</p

Baseline Characteristics of the NIPPON DATA 80/90^* Cohort.

<p>Baseline Characteristics of the NIPPON DATA 80/90^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157563#t002fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} Cohort.</p

Metabolic Profiling of Total Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Men

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Physical activity is known to be preventive against various non-communicable diseases. We investigated the relationship between daily physical activity level and plasma metabolites using a targeted metabolomics approach in a population-based study.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 1,193 participants (male, aged 35 to 74 years) with fasting blood samples were selected from the baseline survey of a cohort study. Information on daily total physical activity, classified into four levels by quartile of metabolic equivalent scores, and sedentary behavior, defined as hours of sitting per day, was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Plasma metabolite concentrations were quantified by capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method. We performed linear regression analysis models with multivariable adjustment and corrected p-values for multiple testing in the original population (n = 808). The robustness of the results was confirmed by replication analysis in a separate population (n = 385) created by random allocation.</p><p>Results</p><p>Higher levels of total physical activity were associated with various metabolite concentrations, including lower concentrations of amino acids and their derivatives, and higher concentrations of pipecolate (FDR p <0.05 in original population). The findings persisted after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, and energy intake. Isoleucine, leucine, valine, 4-methyl-2-oxoisopentanoate, 2-oxoisopentanoate, alanine, and proline concentrations were lower with a shorter sitting time.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Physical activity is related to various plasma metabolites, including known biomarkers for future insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. These metabolites might potentially play a key role in the protective effects of higher physical activity and/or less sedentary behavior on non-communicable diseases.</p></div

Associations between TPA and metabolite measurements.

<p>Associations between metabolites and TPA level (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) in the original (left) and replication (right) populations. Linear regression between each metabolite and TPA was performed. Raw p-values for unadjusted and adjusted models are shown. Fold change (with 95% CI) per one-unit increase in TPA level were calculated using the beta of the linear regression analysis of the unadjusted model. The blue bars mean lower concentrations and the red bars mean higher concentrations in highly active groups. Metabolites associated with TPA levels are shown in this figure (FDR p <0.05 for unadjusted model in the original population). Replication analysis was performed only for these metabolites. AAs, amino acids; CI, confidence interval. ^#Adjusted for age, BMI, smoking (never/former/current), current alcohol drinker (yes/no), and energy intake (high/low).</p