科学分析はじめてガイド: サンプリングから解釈まで

金沢大学人間社会研究域歴史言語文化学系本書では， 科学分析の対象となるいくつもの遺物の中から， 有機物の「デンプン粒」， 「漆」， 無機物の「赤色顔料」， 「土器胎土」， 「石材・玉器」について，分析の概要を紹介します。本書前半では， それぞれの遺物分析の目的をまとめました。後半では， 分析前の試料（サンプル） をどう取り扱い， 保管しておくべきか， また実際にどのようにサンプルを処理し， どんな機器・装置を使って分析をし，どのような情報（データ） を取り出しているのか，を解説しています。科学研究費助成事業学術変革領域研究 (A)「考古遺物の材料分析と産地推定」(領域番号 20H05817)活動成果物、2022年8月31日発行)出典：(研究代表者) 神谷 嘉美, 研究課題「考古遺物の材料分析と産地推定」研究課題/領域番号20H05817（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PLANNED-20H05817/）を加工して作成.研究課題/領域番号: 20H05817, 研究期間 (年度): 2020-11-19 – 2025-03-31本文データは、著者版活動成果物。関連研究：(研究代表者) 中村 慎一「中国文明起源解明の新・考古学イニシアティブ」(研究課題/領域番号)20H05815（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-ORGANIZER-20H05815/

Ablation of TSC2 Enhances Insulin Secretion by Increasing the Number of Mitochondria through Activation of mTORC1

) mice. The present study examines the effects of TSC2 ablation on insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. mice and TSC2 knockdown insulin 1 (INS-1) insulinoma cells treated with small interfering ribonucleic acid were used to investigate insulin secretion, ATP content and the expression of mitochondrial genes. mice exhibit hyperinsulinemia due to an increase in the number of mitochondria as well as enlargement of individual beta cells via activation of mTORC1.Activation of mTORC1 by TSC2 ablation increases mitochondrial biogenesis and enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

Tumor B7-H3 (CD276) Expression and Survival in Pancreatic Cancer

B7-H3 (CD276), a member of the family of immune modulators, orchestrates antitumor immunity. To date, only small-sized studies have examined the association of B7-H3 expression with survival in pancreatic cancer, yielding inconclusive results. We evaluated tumor B7-H3 expression in 150 consecutive patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry. B7-H3 expression was positive (≥10% tumor cells) in 99 of 150 (66%) cases of pancreatic cancer. We classified the tumors into four groups depending on B7-H3 expression (negative, low, intermediate, and high) and found that higher B7-H3 expression was independently associated with lower disease-free survival (DFS; for high vs. negative B7-H3 expression: multivariable hazard ratio (HR) = 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.48–6.15; Ptrend = 0.0026). Furthermore, the association of B7-H3 expression with survival differed according to the pathological stage (p-stage) (Pinteraction = 0.048, between p-stages I–II and III–IV). The association of B7-H3 positivity with lower DFS was stronger in tumors with p-stage I–II (multivariable HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.75–5.69; P < 0.0001) than in those with p-stage III–IV (multivariable HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.67–2.28; P = 0.55). We demonstrated that tumor high B7-H3 expression is independently associated with poor survival in patients with pancreatic cancer and that this association is stronger in tumors with p-stage I–II than in those with p-stage III–IV. B7-H3 expression may be a useful prognostic biomarker for identifying aggressive early-stage pancreatic cancer

Infective Endocarditis Associated with Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis Infection in a Hemodialysis Patient

The risk of infective endocarditis in chronic hemodialysis patients is markedly higher than that in the general population. We report the first case of a hemodialysis patient with infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) who presented with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. In the last decade, there has been an increase in the incidence of SDSE infections. Therefore, it is important to recognize SDSE as a possible causative agent of infective endocarditis in an immunocompromised population, such as hemodialysis patients

Effects of Soy Isoflavones, Resistant Starch and Antibiotics on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-Like Features in Letrozole-Treated Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. Recently, various dietary interventions have been used extensively as a novel therapy against PCOS. In the present study, we show that soy isoflavone metabolites and resistant starch, together with gut microbiota modulations, were successful in decreasing the severity of PCOS-like reproductive features while increasing the expression of gut barrier markers and butyric acid in the gut. In the letrozole-induced PCOS model rats, the intake of both 0.05% soy isoflavones and 11% resistant starch, even with letrozole treatment, reduced the severity of menstrual irregularity and polycystic ovaries with a high concentration of soy isoflavones and equol in plasma. Antibiotic cocktail treatment suppressed soy isoflavone metabolism in the gut and showed no considerable effects on reducing the PCOS-like symptoms. The mRNA expression level of occludin significantly increased with soy isoflavone and resistant starch combined treatment. Bacterial genera such as Blautia, Dorea and Clostridium were positively correlated with menstrual irregularity under resistant starch intake. Moreover, the concentration of butyric acid was elevated by resistant starch intake. In conclusion, we propose that both dietary interventions and gut microbiota modulations could be effectively used in reducing the severity of PCOS reproductive features