Association between aerobic capacity and emphysematous changes.

<p>The aerobic capacity at peak exercise (peak </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>o₂) was inversely correlated with total LAA scores (p<0.0001, r = -0.485).<p></p

Relationship between the decline in aerobic capacity and the increase in dead space.

<p>The mean annual changes in peak </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>o₂ (Δp<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>o₂) were significantly correlated with those in the dead space fractions (Δ<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>d/<p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p>t) (p<0.0001, r = -0.603).<p></p

Baseline demographic and physiological data.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± SE</p><p>Baseline demographic and physiological data.</p

Association between emphysematous changes and oxygen desaturation during exercise.

<p>The oxygen saturation (SpO₂) at the peak exercise was inversely correlated with total LAA scores (p<0.0001, r = -0.634).</p

Association between the decline in CO2 production and the increase in dead space.

<p>The mean annual changes in peak </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>co₂ (Δp<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>co₂) were significantly correlated with those in the dead space fractions (Δ<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>d/<p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p>t) (p<0.0001, r = -0.589).<p></p

Association between the dead space and emphysema.

<p>The total LAA scores were positively correlated with the estimated dead space fractions (</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>d/<p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p>t) (p<0.001, r = 0.416).<p></p

Association between the decline in CO2 production and development of emphysema.

<p>There was a significant correlation between the mean annual changes in peak </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>co₂ (Δp<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>co₂) and those in the total LAA scores (ΔLAA) (p<0.0001, r = -0.488).<p></p

Relationship between the decline in aerobic capacity and progression of emphysema.

<p>The mean annual changes in peak </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>o₂ (Δp<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>V<mo>˙</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>o₂) were significantly correlated with those in the total LAA scores (ΔLAA) (p<0.0001, r = -0.546).<p></p

Correlation coefficients between cardiopulmonary exercise testing data and other clinical parameters at study entry.

<p>Correlation coefficients between cardiopulmonary exercise testing data and other clinical parameters at study entry.</p

Correlation between DNA methylation levels and mRNA expression levels.

<p>DNA methylation levels (average β-values) (<b>A</b>) and mRNA expression levels (<b>B</b>) for the <i>ADCY5, CNTNAP, EVX1, GFRA1, PDE9A</i> and <i>TBX20</i> genes in samples of non-cancerous lung tissue (N) from patients with lung adenocarcinomas and samples of the corresponding tumorous tissue (T) were determined by Infinium assay and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis, respectively. DNA methylation levels for all six genes were significantly higher in T samples than in N samples, and levels of expression of mRNAs for the <i>ADCY5, EVX1, GFRA1, PDE9A</i> and <i>TBX20</i> genes were significantly lower in T samples than in N samples, although the reduction in the expression of the <i>CNTNAP2</i> gene did not reach statistical significance. These results suggested that DNA hypermethylation of the <i>ADCY5, EVX1, GFRA1, PDE9A</i> and <i>TBX20</i> genes may result in reduced mRNA expression in tissue samples from the same cohort.</p