367 research outputs found
Patterns and Concepts of Suburban Development in Metropolitan Areas of Japan
It is often said that two-thirds of Japan’s national land area consists of mountains, and
the habitable area covers only 34% of the total area. The habitable and plain land is located
mainly along the shoreline. As a result, urban spaces are geographically limited
and population density is particularly high, compared with countries in Europe and North
America, for example. This geographical limitation is considered to be one of the reasons
why regulations to control rapid urbanization are comparatively loose in Japan. Resultantly,
the country’s urban areas have expanded in the absence of effective methods for
controlling the strong demand for the development and improvement of living spaces in
cities and towns. In particular, the suburban areas of metropolises developed rapidly due
to the period of high economic growth that commenced at the start of the 1960s.
This article aims to analyze such patterns as well the locations of suburban developments,
focusing mainly on detached houses in Japanese metropolises. A discussion of
the problems with the existing model will provide the basis for a suggested urban policy
that would enable Japanese cities (as well as overpopulated cities in European countries,
such as Germany) to become more compact
Third Place Design Strategy for Commuter in Sub-urban (Case Study: Outdoor Public Space in Tangerang City, Indonesia)
In recent years, Urban population density spreads towards suburbs of the metropolitan city as the impact of urbanisation. In Indonesia, Commuting activity does not only occur in the centre of metropolitan city Jakarta but spreads outside to the suburbs such as in Tangerang City. Commuting activities often cause stress, and some outdoor public spaces are expected to be healing space for recreation needs amidst a busy life. The lack of integration of urban design that supports commuting activities along with leisure activities is a problem that will be raised. This paper aims to evaluate the configuration of a potential location as the third space in Tangerang City infrastructure around bus stops and train station. Methods used are qualitative methods with a rationalistic approach. The research findings postulated three paradigms in Tactical Urbanism design strategy, which are: (1) Functionally, Tactical Urbanism can form a multipurpose proximity network that functions simultaneously between mobility and relaxation activities; (2) Socially, tactical urbanism design strategy can eliminate social segregation where there are no gaps to spend leisure time around Tangerang station for commuter, community, also tourist; (3) Visually, Tactical Urbanism can encourage people to come and sit for a while and become an icon of Tangerang City with the design of public open spaces integrated with infrastructure for transportation. Based on the above findings, a framework is conceptualised as an attempt to strengthen the tactical urbanism design strategy in the suburbs area
β-d-Altrose
The molecule of the title compound, C6H12O6, [systematic name: (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol] adopts a 4
C
1 chair conformation with the anomeric hydroxyl group in the equatorial position. All hydroxyl groups act as donors and acceptors in hydrogen bonding and the molecule is involved in ten intermolecular O—H⋯O interactions [O⋯O = 2.672 (5)–2.776 (4) Å] with eight neighbouring molecules. Two independent O—H⋯O—H⋯ helices extending along the z axis are found in this structure
Characterization of the human herpesvirus 6A U23 gene
AbstractHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), which replicates abundantly in T cells, belongs to the Roseolovirus genus within the betaherpesvirus subfamily. Members of the Roseolovirus genus encode seven unique genes, U20, U21, U23, U24, U24A, U26, and U100. The present study focused on one of these, U23, by analyzing the characteristics of its gene product in HHV-6A-infected cells. The results indicated that the U23 protein was expressed at the late phase of infection as a glycoprotein, but was not incorporated into virions, and mostly stayed within the trans Golgi network (TGN) in HHV-6A-infected cells. Furthermore, analysis using a U23-defective mutant virus showed that the gene is nonessential for viral replication in vitro
Surgical Resection of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis Impaired by Preoperative Diagnosis
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a rare afferent infectious disease in Japan. This paper reports a case of a hepatic cyst being diagnosed after surgical resection. A 40-year-old Syrian male was admitted for evaluation of a hepatic cyst. Serum antibodies of echinococcosis were negative. Enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a large cystic lesion, 9 cm in diameter, in the left lateral sector of the liver, which had many honeycomb-like septa and calcified lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging of this lesion revealed high intensity in the T2 weighted image. We preoperatively diagnosed this lesion as cystadenocarcinoma or CE and performed a left hepatectomy. Pathological examination revealed the presence of protoscolices in the fluid of the cysts and led to a diagnosis of this lesion as CE. In conclusion, on seeing patients with huge hepatic cysts who come from an epidemic area, we should consider hepatic CE
Novel Measurement Technique for the Sagittal Vertical Axis and Its Clinical Application in Adult Spinal Deformity
Study DesignProspective physical measurement of the sagittal vertical axis (SVA).PurposeTo evaluate a simple method for measuring SVA by analyzing its relationship with radiographic measurements and clinical appearance.Overview of LiteratureNo studies have examined physical measurements using the cranial center of gravity (CCG) in a relaxed standing position.MethodsThe physical measurement of the horizontal distance between CCG and spina iliaca posterior superior (CCG-SIPS) was measured using a straight ruler in 252 healthy volunteers and 56 patients with adult spinal deformity. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was evaluated using the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and clinical symptoms were assessed according to standing status and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).ResultsCCG-SIPS increased with age in the volunteer group and strongly correlated with radiographic SVA in the patient group (r=0.984). Differences increased between CCG-SIPS in patients in the relaxed position and radiographic SVA with an increase in sagittal malalignment (r=0.692, p120 mm) was significantly larger in the patient group than in the group with low sagittal malalignment (59.9±18.8 vs. 45.1±17.0; p=0.004); these patients (CCG-SIPS>120 mm) needed crutches or walkers for standing. The patient group with GERD had significantly larger sagittal malalignment than the group without GERD (160.3 mm vs. 81.0 mm).ConclusionsThe CCG-SIPS correlated with age and strongly reflected radiographic SVA and HRQOL in the patients. Moreover, it reflects a relaxed posture without a backward shift in the radiographic position even in patients with severe sagittal malalignment. The critical limit of CCG-SIPS can be relevant to clinical appearance, including standing assistance (>120 mm) and the existence of GERD (>150 mm). Thus, it will be a useful predictor of true SVA in clinical practice before radiographic evaluation
Dynamics of cellular immune responses in the acute phase of dengue virus infection.
In this study, we examined the dynamics of cellular immune responses in the acute phase of dengue virus (DENV) infection in a marmoset model. Here, we found that DENV infection in marmosets greatly induced responses of CD4/CD8 central memory T and NKT cells. Interestingly, the strength of the immune response was greater in animals infected with a dengue fever strain than in those infected with a dengue hemorrhagic fever strain of DENV. In contrast, when animals were re-challenged with the same DENV strain used for primary infection, the neutralizing antibody induced appeared to play a critical role in sterilizing inhibition against viral replication, resulting in strong but delayed responses of CD4/CD8 central memory T and NKT cells. The results in this study may help to better understand the dynamics of cellular and humoral immune responses in the control of DENV infection
Hormonal Therapy Resistant Estrogen-receptor Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Cohort (HORSE-BC) Study : Current Status of Treatment Selection in Japan
The Hormonal therapy resistant estrogen-receptor positive metastatic breast cancer cohort (HORSE-BC) study is a multicenter observational study evaluating the efficacy and safety of secondary endocrine therapy (ET) for postmenopausal cases of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with poor response to primary ET. In this initial report we analyze the HORSE-BC baseline data to clarify the current status of treatment selection for MBC in Japan. Baseline data for the 50 patients enrolled in HORSE-BC were analyzed, including patient characteristics, types of secondary ET, and reasons for selecting secondary ET. Postoperative recurrence was detected in 84% of patients (42/50) and de novo stage IV breast cancer in 16% (8/50). Forty-one patients (41/50; 82%) received fulvestrant, 5 patients (10%) received selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 3 patients (6%) received ET plus a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, and 1 patient received an aromatase inhibitor (AI) as the secondary ET. Forty-five patients selected their secondary ET based on its therapeutic effect, while 14 patients selected it based on side effects. Most patients with progression after primary ET selected fulvestrant as the secondary ET based on its therapeutic and side effects. We await the final results from the HORSE-BC study
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