Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune

We present BVR photometric colors of six Uranian and two Neptunian irregular satellites, collected using the Magellan Observatory (Las Campanas, Chile) and the Keck Observatory, (Manua Kea, Hawaii). The colors range from neutral to light red, and like the Jovian and the Saturnian irregulars (Grav et al. 2003) there is an apparent lack of the extremely red objects found among the Centaurs and Kuiper belt objects. The Uranian irregulars can be divided into three possible dynamical families, but the colors collected show that two of these dynamical families, the Caliban and Sycorax-clusters, have heterogeneous colors. Of the third possible family, the 168-degree cluster containing two objects with similar average inclinations but quite different average semi-major axis, only one object (U XXI Trinculo) was observed. The heterogeneous colors and the large dispersion of the average orbital elements leads us to doubt that they are collisional families. We favor single captures as a more likely scenario. The two neptunians observed (N II Nereid and S/2002 N1) both have very similar neutral, sun-like colors. Together with the high collisional probability between these two objects over the age of the solar system (Nesvorny et al. 2003, Holman et al. 2004), this suggests that S/2002 N1 be a fragment of Nereid, broken loose during a collision or cratering event with an undetermined impactor.Comment: 13 pages (including 3 figures and 2 tables). Submitted to ApJ Letter

The Short Rotation Period of Nereid

We determine the period, p = 11.52 \pm 0.14 h, and a light curve peak-to-peak amplitude, a = 0.029 \pm 0.003 magnitudes, of the Neptunian irregular satellite Nereid. If the light curve variation is due to albedo variations across the surface, rather than solely to the shape of Nereid variations, the rotation period would be a factor of two shorter. In either case, such a rotation period and light curve amplitude, together with Nereid's orbital period, p=360.14 days, imply that Nereid is almost certainly in a regular rotation state, rather than the chaotic rotation state suggested by Schaefer and Schaefer (1988,2000) and Dobrovolskis (1995). Assuming that Nereid is perfectly spherical, the albedo variation is 3% across the observed surface. Assuming a uniform geometric albedo, the observed cross sectional area varies by 3%. We caution that the lightcurve found in this paper only sets limits on the combination of albedo and physical irregularity and that we cannot determine the orientation of Nereid's spin axis from our data.Comment: Accepted by ApJ Letters, 11 pages (incl. 1 figure

The Effect of Cocoa Beans Fermentation on Processed Chocolate in West Kalimantan

Research studies of fermentation effects on processed chocolate have been made. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of different levels of fermentation of cocoa preparations (pasta, fats and powder) to the chemical quality and flavor. Harvested Cocoa beans will be treated fermentation. The treatment used was the time of fermentation namely: (A) Non fermentation, (B) Imperfect fermentation (4 days) and (C) Perfect fermentation (5 days). The parameters observed was: (a) chemical quality namely water content, fat content, pH, (b) organoleptic tests namely color, aroma, taste bitter (bitterness), texture. The results showed that fermentation of cocoa beans have real impact on levels of fat, water content and pH. Panelists gave the highest rankings for quality of organoleptic attributes of pasta, fat and chocolate powder from perfectly fermented beans. Processing of cocoa beans into refined products had levels of depreciation for each stage. 100 kg dried cocoa beans could produce 79.0 kilograms of chocolate paste, 48.7 kg of cocoa powder, and 26.5 kg of fat. Fermentation for 5 days is the best solution to improve the quality of processed chocolate

Pengaruh Kebijakan Hutang, Keputusan Investasi dan Profitabilitas terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Food And Beverages yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Nilai Perusahaan yang tinggi merupakan salah satu tujuan dari Perusahaan. Nilai Perusahaan merupakan persepsi investor mengenai tingkat keberhasilan Perusahaan yang sering dikaitkan dengan harga saham. Nilai Perusahaan dalam penelitian ini di proksikan dengan Price Book Value (PBV). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan hutang, keputusan investasi dan profitabilitas baik secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap nilai Perusahaan Food and Beverages yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2010-2014. Populasi sebanyak 18 Perusahaan dan sampel yang diambil 6 Perusahaan. Jenis analisis menggunakan analisis asosiatif dengan metode asumsi klasik, Regresi Linier Berganda dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kebijakan hutang, keputusan investasi dan profitabilitas secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap nilai Perusahaan. Secara parsial, kebijakan hutang tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai Perusahaan. Keputusan investasi dan profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai Perusahaan. Manajemen Perusahaan sebaiknya lebih meningkatkan kinerja untuk dapat mempertahankan Perusahaan dalam memperoleh laba yang maksimal sehingga Perusahaan dapat meningkatkan nilainya. Kata kunci : kebijakan hutang, keputusan investasi, profitabilitas, nilai Perusahaa

Analisa Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk, Bank Central Asia (Persero) Tbk, Dan Bank Cimb Niaga (Persero) Tbk.

Bank merupakan lembaga keuangan dengan fungsi pokok menyimpan dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk tabungan dan menyalurkan kembali kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk kredit untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat banyak.Laporan laba rugi, neraca, ekuitas pemilik, dan laporan arus kas adalah laporan dasar yang perlu dianalisis untuk kepentingan Perusahaan itu sendiri, dari laporan dasar departemen keuangan dapat membuat analisis keuangan yang lain dengan menggunakan data untuk menentukan rasio kinerja keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris tentang perbandingan kinerja keuangan Bank Mandiri, Bank Central Asia, Bank Cimb Niaga pada periode 2012-2014 dengan menggunakan rasio keuangan (LDR, DER, ROA, ROE, NPM) dengan alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Independent Sample T test, dari rasio 5 variabel yang digunakan menunjukan bahwa hipotesis ditolak karena terdapat perbedaan namun tidak signifikan antara kinerja keuangan Bank Mandiri, Bank Central Asia, dan Bank Cimb Niaga.Sebaiknya Bank Mandiri,Bank BCA,Bank CIMB Niaga meningkatkan kinerja keuangan agar dapat menarik perhatian para investor sehingga dapat mempertahankan predikatnya sebagai bank yang memiliki asset terbesat di Indonesia. Kata kunci: perbandingan kinerja bank, rasio keuanga