302 research outputs found
THE RESULTS OF THREE-YEAR MONITORING OF MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS AND UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM IN THE CANTONS OF HERZEGOVINA-NERETVA AND WEST HERZEGOVINA
THE RESULTS OF THREE-YEAR MONITORING OF MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS AND UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM IN THE CANTONS OF HERZEGOVINA-NERETVA AND WEST HERZEGOVINA
Farmakoterapija faringitisa, sinuzitisa i otitis media
Upper respiratory tract infections (pharyngitis, sinusitis and otitis media) are common and usually self-limiting conditions, most frequently caused by viruses. Despite this, in clinical practice an antibiotic is usually prescribed. The wide use of antibiotics contributes to development of bacterial resistance, which could have a great influence on public health. Distinguishing viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections represents a basis for rationale use of antibiotics. Clinical criteria alone are not sufficiently accurate in patients with pharyngitis to distinguish a cause of infection. Thus positive throat culture or rapid antigen detection test are required to establish the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. The first choice treatment is phenoxymethylpenicillin. Sinusitis and otitis media are similar in terms of cause, pathogenesis and treatment. Recognizing bacterial infection on basis of symptoms is extremely hard, thus therapy is mostly empirical. Management of pediatric acute otitis media might consider observation strategy with symptomatic treatment (48-72h) for uncomplicated cases, older than 6 months of age. If the symptoms do not improve, an antibiotic treatment is prescribed. Amoxicillin is preferred as the first-choice therapy of mild-symptoms otitis media and bacterial sinuzitis. The strict diagnostic criteria and use of antibiotic only in proven/highly suspected cases could contribute to reduction of antibiotic usage and the development of bacterial resistance.Infekcije gornjeg respiratornog trakta (faringitis, sinuzitis, otitis media) su veoma Äesta i obiÄno samolimitirajuÄa oboljenja. NajÄeÅ”Äe su uzrokovana virusima. Uprkos tome, u kliniÄkoj praksi, za terapiju ovih bolesti obiÄno se propisuju antibiotici. Å iroka primena antibiotika doprinosi razvoju rezistencije bakterija, Å”to može imati velike posledice za javno zdravlje. Razlikovanje virusne i bakterijske etiologije kod infekcija gornjih respiratornih puteva predstavlja osnov za racionalnu primenu antibiotika. Kod faringitisa, kliniÄki kriterijumi nisu pouzdani za razlikovanje uzroÄnika. Za dijagnozu streptokoknog faringitisa potreban je pozitivan nalaz kulture brisa ždrela ili brzog antigenskog testa. Lek prvog izbora je fenoksimetilpenicilin. Sinuzitis i otitis media sliÄni su po uzroÄnicima, patogenezi i terapiji. Prepoznavanje bakterijske infekcije na osnovu simptoma kod obe bolesti je izuzetno teÅ”ko, pa je terapija uglavnom empirijska. Terapija akutnog otitisa media u dece starije od 6 meseci sa nekomplikovanom boleÅ”Äu može poÄeti praÄenjem simptoma tokom 48-72 h, uz primenu simptomatske terapije. U sluÄaju da se simptomi ne umanje, uvodi se antibiotik. U leÄenju akutnog otitisa media i bakterijskog sinuzitisa sa umerenim simptomima lek izbora je amoksicilin. Striktni dijagnostiÄki kriterijumi i primena antibiotika samo u potvrÄenim/visoko suspektnim bakterijskim infekcijama mogu doprineti smanjenju primene antibiotika i razvoja bakterijske rezistencije
AnaboliÄki steroidni i peptidni hormoni kao doping u sportu
The use of hormones with anabolic action is present in competitive and amateur sports. World and Serbian anti-doping agencies forbid the use of anabolic hormones of steroid (testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids) and peptid structure (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, gonadotropins and insulin). In this article we review the pharmacologic actions, clinical uses and the characteristics of use and detection of these hormones as doping agents, with particular attention on side effects and health risks that might follow their misuse.Primena hormona sa anaboliÄkim efektom veoma je zastupljena u takmiÄarskom i rekreativnom sportu. Svetska i nacionalna anti-doping agencija zabranjuju upotrebu anaboliÄkih hormona steroidne (testosterona i anaboliÄko-androgenih steroida) i peptidne strukture (hormona rasta, insulinu-sliÄnih faktora rasta, gonadotropina i insulina). U ovom radu dat je pregled farmakoloÅ”kih dejstava, kliniÄke primene i karakteristika primene, kao i detekcije ovih hormona kao dopinga u sportu, sa posebnim akcentom na neželjene efekte i zdravstvene rizike koji se pri tom mogu javiti
Savremeni terapijski principi borbe protiv hipertenzije
Hypertension is the major modifiable cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factor. Despite
the availability of numerous efficacious and safe medications and non-pharmacological
measures, rates of blood pressure (BP) adequate control in hypertensive patients are not
satisfactory, both in Serbia and in the world. Lifestyle adjustments (dietary sodium
limitation, weight reduction, healthy diet, regular physical activity, alcohol consumption
moderation and smoking cessation) remain the basic component of successful hypertension
treatment and lowering overall CV risk. First-line antihypertensive agents are angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers,
thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, and Ī²-blockers (the latter are first-line agents only in
presence of a compelling comorbidity). These classes of antihypertensives have an
advantage over others because, in addition to lowering BP, they have been shown to reduce
the risk of major CV events (myocardial infarction and/or stroke) and death in hypertensive
patients. Majority of the latest guidelines give primacy to the combination of
antihypertensive agents from the very beginning of treatment for most patients. By
combining drugs that target different mechanisms involved in BP regulation, greater efficacy
and/or improved tolerability may be achieved, due to additive or synergistic interaction
between components. Utilization of single-pill containing two or more antihypertensive
agents enables improving patient adherence. Second line antihypertensive agents
(mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, centrally acting agents, Ī±-blockers, vasodilators and
other classes of diuretics) are added when satisfactory BP control cannot be achieved with
first-line drugs combinations or when comorbidities favor their use. Device-based
treatments (e.g. renal denervation) are reserved for treatment of pharmacologically
intractable hypertension.Hipertenzija je glavni faktor rizika za kardiovaskularne (KV) bolesti na koji se može
uticati. Uprkos dostupnosti mnogih efikasnih i bezbednih lekova i nefarmakoloŔkih mera,
stope adekvatne kontrole krvnog pritiska (KP) u hipertoniÄara nisu zadovoljavajuÄe, kako u
Srbiji tako i u svetu. PrilagoÄavanje životnih navika (ograniÄenje unosa natrijuma, smanjenje
telesne mase, zdrava ishrana, redovna fiziÄka aktivnost, umerenost u konzumiranju alkohola
i prestanak puÅ”enja) ostaje osnovna komponenta uspeÅ”nog leÄenja hipertenzije i smanjenja
ukupnog KV rizika. Antihipertenzivi prve linije su inhibitori angiotenzin-konvertujuÄeg
enzima ili blokatori angiotenzinskih receptora, blokatori kalcijumovih kanala,
tiazidni/tiazidima sliÄni diuretici i Ī²-blokatori (smatraju se lekovima prve linije samo kada
postoje komorbiditeti u kojima su Ī²-blokatori indikovani). Ove klase antihipertenziva imaju
prednost u odnosu na druge jer, osim Ŕto snižavaju KP, dokazano smanjuju rizik od KV
dogaÄaja (infarkta miokarda i/ili mozga) i smrti kod hipertoniÄara. VeÄina aktuelnih
smernica daje primat kombinaciji antihipertenziva od samog poÄetka leÄenja kod veÄine
pacijenata. Kombinovanjem lekova usmerenih na razliÄite mehanizme ukljuÄene u regulaciju
KP mogu se postiÄi veÄa efikasnost i/ili bolja podnoÅ”ljivost terapije, zbog aditivne ili
sinergistiÄke interakcije izmeÄu komponenti. Primena fiksne kombinacije koja sadrži dva ili
viŔe antihipertenziva poboljŔava adherencu pacijenta. Antihipertenzivi druge linije
(antagonisti mineralokortikoidnih receptora, centralno delujuÄi antihipertenzivi, Ī±-blokatori,
vazodilatatori i druge klase diuretika) dodaju se kada se kombinacijama lekova prve linije ne
može postiÄi zadovoljavajuÄa kontrola KP ili kada komorbiditeti favorizuju njihovu upotrebu.
RazliÄite intervencije (npr. renalna denervacija) rezervisane su za pacijente u kojih se
hipertenzija ne može kontrolisati lekovima.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa meÄunarodnim uÄeÅ”Äem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra
EMOTICONS
āEmoticon (āicon moodā) is used in Instant Messaging. Nowadays it is
unthinkable to write messages without emoticons whose function is to display the mood
or facial expression of sender. Emotion is often used to alert recipients of the message to
the real meaning of the message and may improve interpretation of plain text. Emoticons
help compensate for the nonverbal aspect of communication in the virtual world of instant
messages. This paper reviews styles that are now in use in the world, the history of
origin of emoticons and their property rights
EMOTICONS
āEmoticon (āicon moodā) is used in Instant Messaging. Nowadays it is
unthinkable to write messages without emoticons whose function is to display the mood
or facial expression of sender. Emotion is often used to alert recipients of the message to
the real meaning of the message and may improve interpretation of plain text. Emoticons
help compensate for the nonverbal aspect of communication in the virtual world of instant
messages. This paper reviews styles that are now in use in the world, the history of
origin of emoticons and their property rights
MatematiÄki softver u nastavi matematike u hrvatskim Å”kolama ā pregled GeoGebre i Geometer\u27s Sketchpada
This paper explores the benefits and possible problems that may be encountered in mathematical classrooms using mathematical software. In addition to exploring different types of mathematical software, the paper also focuses on two mathematical tools which have been translated into Croatian and are in widespread use in Croatian mathematics classrooms. The advantages and disadvantages of both tools are reviewed, along with the software\u27s capabilities, from the viewpoints of both foreign and Croatian scientists who researched the effect that such tools had on mathematics students. Lastly, a comparison between the two mathematical tools in use in the Republic of Croatia is presented, featuring both technical details as well as purely practical ones.Ovaj rad istražuje korisnost i moguÄe probleme s kojima bi se nastavnici mogli susresti u matematiÄkim uÄionicama koje upotrebljavaju matematiÄki softver. Nakon kratkoga pregleda raznih tipova matematiÄkoga softvera rad se koncentrira na dva matematiÄka alata koji su prevedeni na hrvatski jezik i koji su u upotrebi u hrvatskim matematiÄkim uÄionicama. Navedene su prednosti i nedostaci ovih programa kao i njihove moguÄnosti sa stajaliÅ”ta hrvatskih, ali i stranih znanstvenika koji su istraživali utjecaj tih programa na uÄenike i studente. TakoÄer je dana usporedba izmeÄu dva matematiÄka programa koji se koriste u Republici Hrvatskoj, a koja se odnosi na tehniÄke, ali i na praktiÄne detalje
NespecifiÄni uzroÄnici spolno-prenosivih bolesti u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji u 2005. godini
Tijekom 2005. godine Služba za mikrobiologiju Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Brodsko-posavske županije zaprimila je 3205 obrisaka urogenitalnog trakta (2799 obrisaka cerviksa i 406 obrisaka uretre) u svrhu dokazivanja prisutnosti mikroorganizama Chlamydia trachomatis i mikroorganizama iz porodice Mycoplasmataceae, tj. rodova Mycoplasma (vrsta M. hominis) i Ureaplasma (vrsta U. urealyticum). Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā C. trachomatis uzroÄnik je negonokoknog uretritisa kod muÅ”karaca te uretritisa i ÄeÅ”Äe cervicitisa kod žena. U 25% muÅ”karaca infekcija ovim patogenom prolazi asimptomatski, dok se kod žena taj postotak kreÄe oko 30-40%. Komplikacije nelijeÄene infekcije su kroniÄni uretritis i/ili prostatitis kod muÅ”karaca, salpingitis, perihepatitis, ektopiÄne trudnoÄe i sterilitet kod žena, te inkluzijski konjuktivitis i intersticijalna pneumonija kod novoroÄenÄadi koja se zaraze tijekom prolaska kroz inficirani poroÄajni kanal
NespecifiÄni uzroÄnici spolno-prenosivih bolesti u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji u 2005. godini
Tijekom 2005. godine Služba za mikrobiologiju Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Brodsko-posavske županije zaprimila je 3205 obrisaka urogenitalnog trakta (2799 obrisaka cerviksa i 406 obrisaka uretre) u svrhu dokazivanja prisutnosti mikroorganizama Chlamydia trachomatis i mikroorganizama iz porodice Mycoplasmataceae, tj. rodova Mycoplasma (vrsta M. hominis) i Ureaplasma (vrsta U. urealyticum). Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā C. trachomatis uzroÄnik je negonokoknog uretritisa kod muÅ”karaca te uretritisa i ÄeÅ”Äe cervicitisa kod žena. U 25% muÅ”karaca infekcija ovim patogenom prolazi asimptomatski, dok se kod žena taj postotak kreÄe oko 30-40%. Komplikacije nelijeÄene infekcije su kroniÄni uretritis i/ili prostatitis kod muÅ”karaca, salpingitis, perihepatitis, ektopiÄne trudnoÄe i sterilitet kod žena, te inkluzijski konjuktivitis i intersticijalna pneumonija kod novoroÄenÄadi koja se zaraze tijekom prolaska kroz inficirani poroÄajni kanal
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