On the presence of ultra-fast outflows in the WAX sample of Seyfert galaxies

The study of winds in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is of utmost importance as they may provide the long sought-after link between the central black hole and the host galaxy, establishing the AGN feedback. Recently, Laha et al. (2014) reported the X-ray analysis of a sample of 26 Seyferts observed with XMM-Newton, which are part of the so-called warm absorbers in X-rays (WAX) sample. They claim the non-detection of Fe K absorbers indicative of ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) in four observations previously analyzed by Tombesi et al. (2010). They mainly impute the Tombesi et al. detections to an improper modeling of the underlying continuum in the E=4-10 keV band. We therefore re-address here the robustness of these detections and we find that the main reason for the claimed non-detections is likely due to their use of single events only spectra, which reduces the total counts by 40%. Performing a re-analysis of the data in the whole E=0.3-10 keV energy band using their models and spectra including also double events, we find that the blue-shifted Fe K absorption lines are indeed detected at >99%. This work demonstrates the robustness of these detections in XMM-Newton even including complex model components such as reflection, relativistic lines and warm absorbers.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in MNRA

"Zombie" or active? An alternative explanation to the properties of star-forming galaxies at high redshift

Star-forming galaxies at high redshift show anomalous values of infrared excess, which can be described only by extremizing the existing relations between the shape of their ultraviolet continuum emission and their infrared-to-ultraviolet luminosity ratio, or by constructing \textit{ad-hoc} models of star formation and dust distribution. We present an alternative explanation, based on unveiled AGN activity, to the existence of such galaxies. In fact, the presence of a weak AGN configures as a natural scenario in order to explain the observed spectral properties of such high-$z$ objects in terms of a continuum slope distribution rather than altered infrared excesses, due to the different shape of the AGN continuum emission with respect to quiescent galaxies. To this aim, we directly compare the infrared-to-ultraviolet properties of high-redshift galaxies to those of known categories of AGN (quasars and Seyferts). We also infer the characteristics of their possible X-ray emission. We find a strong similarity between the spectral shapes and luminosity ratios of AGN with the corresponding properties of such galaxies. In addition, we derive expected X-ray fluxes that are compatible with energetics from AGN activity. We conclude that a moderate AGN contribution to the UV emission of such high-$z$ objects is a valid alternative to explain their spectral properties. Even the presence of an active nucleus in each source would not violate the expected quasar statistics. Furthermore, we suggest that the observed similarities between anomalous star-forming galaxies and quasars may provide a benchmark for future theoretical and observational studies on the galaxy population in the early Universe.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&

An XMM-Newton View of the Radio Galaxy 3C 411

We present the first high signal-to-noise XMM-Newton observations of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 411. After fitting various spectral models, an absorbed double power-law continuum and a blurred relativistic disk reflection model (kdblur) are found to be equally plausible descriptions of the data. While the softer power-law component ($\Gamma$=2.11) of the double power-law model is entirely consistent with that found in Seyfert galaxies (and hence likely originates from a disk corona), the additional power law component is very hard ($\Gamma$=1.05); amongst the AGN zoo, only flat-spectrum radio quasars have such hard spectra. Together with the very flat radio-spectrum displayed by this source, we suggest that it should instead be classified as a FSRQ. This leads to potential discrepancies regarding the jet inclination angle, with the radio morphology suggesting a large jet inclination but the FSRQ classification suggesting small inclinations. The kdblur model predicts an inner disk radius of at most 20 r$_g$ and relativistic reflection

The X-ray/UV ratio in Active Galactic Nuclei: dispersion and variability

The relation between the $\alpha_{OX}$ index and the optical/UV luminosity ($L_{UV}$), a by product of the X-ray - optical/UV luminosity relation, is affected by a relatively large dispersion, due to variability in the $\alpha_{OX}$ within single sources (intra-source dispersion) and variations of fundamental physical parameters from source to source (inter-source dispersion). We use archival data from the XMMSSC and from the XMMOM-SUSS3. We select a sub-sample in order to decrease the dispersion of the relation due to the presence of Radio-Loud and Broad Absorption Line objects, and to absorptions in both X-ray and optical/UV bands. We analyse the dependence of the residuals of the relation on various physical parameters in order to characterise the inter-source dispersion. We find a total dispersion of ~0.12 and, using the Structure Function, we find that intrinsic variability contributes for 56% of the variance of the relation. We find weak but significant dependences of the residuals of the relation on black-hole (BH) mass and on Eddington ratio, confirmed by a multivariate regression analysis of $\alpha_{OX}$ as a function of optical/UV luminosity and the above quantities. We find a weak positive correlation of both the $\alpha_{OX}$ and the residuals of the relation with inclination indicators (FWHM(H$\beta$) and EW[O$_{III}$]) suggesting a weak increase of X-ray/UV ratio with the viewing angle. Our results suggest the possibility of selecting a sample of objects, based on their viewing angle and/or BH mass and Eddington ratio, for which the $\alpha_{OX}-L_{UV}$ relation is as tight as possible, in light of the use of the X-ray - optical/UV luminosity relation to build a distance modulus (DM) - $z$ plane and estimate cosmological parameters.Comment: accepted for publication in A&

The habitability of the Milky Way during the active phase of its central supermassive black hole

During the peak of their accretion phase, supermassive black holes in galactic cores are known to emit very high levels of ionizing radiation, becoming visible over intergalactic distances as quasars or active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here, we quantify the extent to which the activity of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), may have affected the habitability of Earth-like planets in our Galaxy. We focus on the amount of atmospheric loss and on the possible biological damage suffered by planets exposed to X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation produced during the peak of the active phase of Sgr A*. We find that terrestrial planets could lose a total atmospheric mass comparable to that of present day Earth even at large distances (~1 kiloparsec) from the galactic center. Furthermore, we find that the direct biological damage caused by Sgr A* to surface life on planets not properly screened by an atmosphere was probably significant during the AGN phase, possibly hindering the development of complex life within a few kiloparsecs from the galactic center.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Published in Scientific Reports: http://rdcu.be/zYD

Suzaku View of the Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei. V. Torus Structure of Two Luminous Radio-loud AGNs (3C 206 and PKS 0707-35)

We present the results from broad-band X-ray spectral analysis of 3C 206 and PKS 0707-35 with Suzaku and Swift/BAT, two of the most luminous unobscured and obscured radio-loud active galactic nuclei with hard X-ray luminosities of 10^{45.5} erg s^{-1} and 10^{44.9} erg s^{-1} (14--195 keV), respectively. Based on the radio core luminosity, we estimate that the X-ray spectrum of 3C 206 contains a significant (~ 60% in the 14--195 keV band) contribution from the jet, while it is negligible in PKS 0707-35. We can successfully model the spectra with the jet component (for 3C 206), the transmitted emission, and two reflection components from the torus and the accretion disk. The reflection strengths from the torus are found to be R_{torus} (= \Omega/2\pi) = 0.29 +- 0.18 and 0.41 +- 0.18 for 3C 206 and PKS 0707-35, respectively, which are smaller than those in typical Seyfert galaxies. Utilizing the torus model by Ikeda et al. (2009), we quantify the relation between the half opening angle of a torus (\theta_{oa}) and the equivalent width of an iron-K line. The observed equivalent width of 3C 206, < 71 eV, constrain the column density in the equatorial plane to N_{H}^{eq} < 10^{23} cm^{-2}, or the half opening angle to \theta_{oa} > 80^\circ if N_{H}^{eq} = 10^{24} cm^{-2} is assumed. That of PKS 0707-35, 72 +- 36 eV, is consistent with N_{H}^{eq} ~ 10^{23} cm^{-2}. Our results suggest that the tori in luminous radio-loud AGNs are only poorly developed. The trend is similar to that seen in radio-quiet AGNs, implying that the torus structure is not different between AGNs with jets and without jets.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Constraining X-ray Coronal Size with Transverse Motion of AGN Ultra-Fast Outflows

One of the canonical physical properties of ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) seen in a diverse population of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is its seemingly very broad width (i.e. $\Delta v \sim 10,000$ km~s$^{-1}$) , a feature often required for X-ray spectral modeling. While unclear to date, this condition is occasionally interpreted and justified as internal turbulence within the UFOs for simplicity. In this work, we exploit a transverse motion of a three-dimensional accretion-disk wind, an essential feature of non-radial outflow morphology unique to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) outflows. We argue that at least part of the observed line width of UFOs may reflect the degree of transverse velocity gradient due to Doppler broadening around a putative compact X-ray corona in the proximity of a black hole. In this scenario, line broadening is sensitive to the geometrical size of the corona, $R_c$. We calculate the broadening factor as a function of coronal radius $R_c$ and velocity smearing factor $f_{\rm sm}$ at a given plasma position. We demonstrate, as a case study of the quasar, PDS~456, that the spectral analysis favors a compact coronal size of $R_c /R_g \lesssim 10$ where $R_g$ is gravitational radius. Such a compact corona is long speculated from both X-ray reverberation study and the lamppost model for disk emission also consistent with microlensing results. Combination of such a transverse broadening around a small corona can be a direct probe of a substantial rotational motion perhaps posing a serious challenge to radiation-driven wind viewpoint.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 1 table; accepted to ApJ Letter

X-ray analysis of the accreting supermassive black hole in the radio galaxy PKS 2251+11

We investigate the dichotomy between jetted and non-jetted Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), focusing on the fundamental differences of these two classes in the accretion physics onto the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our aim is to study and constrain the structure, kinematics and physical state of the nuclear environment in the Broad Line Radio Galaxy (BLRG) PKS 2251+11. The high X-ray luminosity and the relative proximity make such AGN an ideal candidate for a detailed analysis of the accretion regions in radio galaxies. We performed a spectral and timing analysis of a $\sim$64 ks observation of PKS 2251+11 in the X-ray band with XMM-Newton. We modeled the spectrum considering an absorbed power law superimposed to a reflection component. We performed a time-resolved spectral analysis to search for variability of the X-ray flux and of the individual spectral components. We found that the power law has a photon index $\Gamma=1.8\pm 0.1$, absorbed by an ionized partial covering medium with a column density $N_H=(10.1\pm 0.8) \times 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$, a ionization parameter $\log{\xi}=1.3\pm 0.1$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm and a covering factor $f\simeq90\%$. Considering a density of the absorber typical of the Broad Line Region (BLR), its distance from the central SMBH is of the order of $r\sim 0.1$ pc. An Fe K$\alpha$ emission line is found at 6.4 keV, whose intensity shows variability on time scales of hours. We derived that the reflecting material is located at a distance $r\gtrsim600r_s$, where $r_s$ is the Schwarzschild radius. Concerning the X-ray properties, we found that PKS 2251+11 does not differ significantly from the non-jetted AGNs, confirming the validity of the unified model in describing the inner regions around the central SMBH, but the lack of information regarding the state of the very innermost disk and SMBH spin still leave unconstrained the origin of the jet

The NuSTAR view of the Seyfert Galaxy HE 0436-4717

We present the multi epoch spectral analysis of HE 0436-4717, a bright Seyfert 1 galaxy serendipitously observed by the high energy satellite NuSTAR four times between December 2014 and December 2015. The source flux shows modest variability within each pointing and among the four observations. Spectra are well modelled in terms of a weakly variable primary power law with constant photon index ($\Gamma$=2.01$\pm$0.08). A constant narrow \ion{Fe} K$\alpha$ emission line suggests that this feature has an origin far from the central black hole, while a broad relativistic component is not required by the data. The Compton reflection component is also constant in flux with a corresponding reflection fraction R=0.7$^{+0.2}_{-0.3}$. The iron abundance is compatible with being Solar (A$_{Fe}$=1.2$^{+1.4}_{-0.4}$), and a lower limit for the high energy cut-off E$_c$>280 keV is obtained. Adopting a self-consistent model accounting for a primary Comptonized continuum, we obtain a lower limit for the hot corona electron temperature kT$_e$>65 keV and a corresponding upper limit for the coronal optical depth of $\tau_e$<1.3. The results of the present analysis are consistent with the locus of local Seyfert galaxies in the kT$_e$-$\tau_e$ and temperature-compactness diagrams.Comment: accepted for publication in A&

Stratified Magnetically-Driven Accretion-Disk Winds and Their Relations to Jets

We explore the poloidal structure of two-dimensional (2D) MHD winds in relation to their potential association with the X-ray warm absorbers (WAs) and the highly-ionized ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) in AGN, in a single unifying approach. We present the density $n(r,\theta)$, ionization parameter $\xi(r,\theta)$, and velocity structure $v(r,\theta)$ of such ionized winds for typical values of their fluid-to-magnetic flux ratio, $F$, and specific angular momentum, $H$, for which wind solutions become super-\Alfvenic. We explore the geometrical shape of winds for different values of these parameters and delineate the values that produce the widest and narrowest opening angles of these winds, quantities necessary in the determination of the statistics of AGN obscuration. We find that winds with smaller $H$ show a poloidal geometry of narrower opening angles with their \Alfven\ surface at lower inclination angles and therefore they produce the highest line of sight (LoS) velocities for observers at higher latitudes with the respect to the disk plane. We further note a physical and spatial correlation between the X-ray WAs and UFOs that form along the same LoS to the observer but at different radii, $r$, and distinct values of $n$, $\xi$ and $v$ consistent with the latest spectroscopic data of radio-quiet Seyfert galaxies. We also show that, at least in the case of 3C 111, the winds' pressure is sufficient to contain the relativistic plasma responsible for its radio emission. Stratified MHD disk-winds could therefore serve as a unique means to understand and unify the diverse AGN outflows.Comment: version 2 (modified), 27 pages, 5 figures, accepted to Ap