Ligament material parameters.

<p>Ligament material parameters.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 1

<p>The knee joint model in a coronal view: a) geometry and the FEM discretisation, b) kinematic model, released degrees of freedom at the bone reference points (RPs).</p

Literature-based comparison of the values of the total contact area, the maximal and the average contact pressure for the basic knee model with intact geometry.

<p>Literature-based comparison of the values of the total contact area, the maximal and the average contact pressure for the basic knee model with intact geometry.</p

A comparison of the average menisci angles and , forces FM-L and relative medio-lateral bone translation u.

<p>The medio-lateral constraint forces <i>F</i>_M-L were calculated for the models with a constrained medio-lateral relative bone motion. A positive value of <i>u</i> denoted the medial relative translation of the femur with respect to the tibia. Intact model with the original geometry of the menisci; models MMH↑, MMH↑↑ with an increased height of the medial meniscus; models MMH↓, MMH↓↓ with a decreased height of the medial meniscus; models LMH↑, LMH↑↑ with an increased height of the lateral meniscus; models LMH↓, LMH↓↓ with a decreased height of the lateral meniscus.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 4

<p>The influence of a change in the lateral meniscus height (red line) or in the medial meniscus height (blue line) on the congruence measurement <i>CM</i> in: a) the lateral compartment, b) the medial compartment and the total contact area in: c) the lateral compartment, d) the medial compartment.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 8

<p>The influence of the relative bone motion <i>u</i> on the medio-lateral components of the contact forces acting on the femur condyle in: a) model MMH↓↓ with a decreased height of the medial meniscus; and b) model LMH↑↑ with an increased height of the lateral meniscus; CM-L–models with a constrained medio-lateral relative bone motion.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 3

<p>The influence of a change in the lateral meniscus height (red line) or the medial meniscus height (blue line) on the resultant contact forces between the articular cartilages in: a) the lateral compartment, b) the medial compartment and the resultant contact forces between the meniscus and the tibial cartilage in: c) the lateral compartment, d) the medial compartment.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 9

<p>The extrusion forces: a) <i>F</i>_L acting on the lateral meniscus; and b) <i>F</i>_M on the medial meniscus, in a function of the compressive force. Intact model with the original geometry of the menisci; models MMH↑, MMH↑↑ with an increased height of the medial meniscus; models MMH↓, MMH↓↓ with a decreased height of the medial meniscus; models LMH↑, LMH↑↑ with an increased height of the lateral meniscus; models LMH↓, LMH↓↓ with a decreased height of the lateral meniscus; CM-L–models with a constrained medio-lateral relative bone motion.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 5

<p>The influence of a change in the lateral meniscus height (red line) or in the medial meniscus height (blue line) on the contact areas between the articular cartilages in: a) the lateral compartment, b) the medial compartment and the contact areas between the menisci and the tibial cartilage in: c) the lateral compartment, d) the medial compartment.</p

The influence of a change in the meniscus cross-sectional shape on the medio-lateral translation of the knee joint and meniscal extrusion - Fig 7

<p>The influence of a change in the lateral meniscus height (red line) or in the medial meniscus height (blue line) on: a) the external shift of the lateral meniscus <i>w</i>_L; and b) the external shift of the medial meniscus <i>w</i>_M. CM-L–models with a constrained medio-lateral relative bone motion.</p