Conscripts granted disability pension in 1971–2008 and “risk users”^a of alcohol.

<p>Number of Swedish male conscripts granted disability pension (DP) in 1971–2008 and among them number of “risk users”^a of alcohol defined at conscription in 1969–1970. ^aSubjects were classified as having “risk use” if at least one of the following condition was fulfilled: having a history of being apprehended for drunkenness, needing an eye-opener to overcome hangover, having been drunk often/quite often, reporting alcohol consumption measured as more than 250 g 100% alcohol/week.</p

General description of the study cohort for 39-year follow-up (1969–2008).

<p>Abbreviations: DP, Disability Pension.</p>a<p>The National Swedish Social Insurance Board database.</p>b<p>The Longitudinal Register of Education and Labor Market Statistics.</p>c<p>The Longitudinal Database Integration for Medical Insurance and Labor Studies.</p

Crude and adjusted HR (95% CI) for disability pension (DP) in total and for “early DP” granted in 1971–1990 and “late DP” granted in 1991–2008 in association with different characteristics of “risk use” of alcohol behaviors established at conscription in 1969–1970 among 38 899 Swedish male conscripts with information available on all variables in the table.

a<p>Corresponds to father’s socioeconomic position, father’s drinking habits, and parental divorce.</p>b<p>Corresponds to truancy and remedial class.</p>c<p>Corresponds to contact with police and childcare authorities, ever run away from home, and being unemployed for more than 3 months after finishing school.</p>d<p>Corresponds to self-assessed health, medication to nervous problems, and any psychiatric diagnosis reported/detected at conscription.</p>e<p>Corresponds to emotional control, social maturity, and cognitive ability (IQ) assessed at conscription.</p>f<p>Corresponds to smoking, sniffing of solvents, and drug use reported at conscription.</p>g<p>Adjusted for all covariates in the table.</p>h<p>Adjusted for family background, school-related exposures and exposures related to psychological status and sociability.</p>i<p>Adjusted for family background and school-related exposures.</p

Crude and adjusted HR (95% CI) for disability pension (DP) in total and for “early DP” granted in 1971–1990 and “late DP” granted in 1991–2008 in association with different levels of alcohol consumption measured in grams of 100% alcohol per week reported at conscription in 1969–1970 among 38 671 Swedish male conscripts with information available on all variables in the table.

a<p>Corresponds to father’s socioeconomic position, father’s drinking habits, and parental divorce.</p>b<p>Corresponds to truancy and remedial class.</p>c<p>Corresponds to contact with police and childcare authorities, ever run away from home, and being unemployed for more than 3 months after finishing school.</p>d<p>Corresponds to self-assessed health, medication to nervous problems, and any psychiatric diagnosis reported/detected at conscription.</p>e<p>Corresponds to emotional control, social maturity, and cognitive ability assessed at conscription.</p>f<p>Corresponds to smoking, sniffing of solvents, and drug use reported at conscription.</p>g<p>Adjusted for all covariates in the table.</p>h<p>Adjusted for family background, school-related exposures and exposures related to psychological status and sociability.</p>i<p>Adjusted for family background and school-related exposures.</p

Intelligence and relative risks of disability pension 1971–2009 and 1986–2009, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with one point decrease on the stanine intelligence scale.

<p>^aAdjusted for cohort.</p><p>^bAdjusted for cohort, father’s education, and school plans.</p><p>^cAdjusted for cohort, father’s education, school plans, and education.</p><p>Intelligence and relative risks of disability pension 1971–2009 and 1986–2009, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with one point decrease on the stanine intelligence scale.</p

Study Components of the Evaluation Through Follow-up 1948 and 1953 cohorts.

<p>The figure shows the sample frame, initial participants, deaths between participation and the 1986 census, and the study base in which disability pension was studied.</p

Distribution of potential explanatory risk factors across groups based on intelligence.

<p>^<i>a</i> = Participants with information on occupation in 1985 census (n = 8218 men, 7213 women).</p><p>Distribution of potential explanatory risk factors across groups based on intelligence.</p

SES-related inequalities in cause-specific and all-cause mortality, adjusted for intelligence and psychosocial functioning.

<p>% confidence interval (95% CI), estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression; % attenuation = (RII_Crude−RII_Adjusted)/(RII_Crude−1)x100, i.e., percentage change in RII between base and adjusted model; *Not reported due to high uncertainty (p-values>0.45); IQ = intelligence; PF = psychosocial functioning; ^a Adjusted for childhood social class and crowded housing, and having a somatic diagnosis recorded at conscription examination. Relative index of inequality (RII) with 95</p

Averages of intelligence and psychosocial functioning across levels of socioeconomic status.

<p>ρ = Spearman's correlation coefficient; ρ_adj = partial Spearman's, i.e. adjusted for PF/IQ; *** = p<0.001; NMH = Non-manual workers, higher level; NMI = Non-manual workers, intermediate level; NML = Non-manual workers, lower level; SMW = Skilled manual workers; UMW = Unskilled manual workers; ^a Skewness = −0.191 (p<0.001); ^b Skewness = −0.073 (p<0.001). Mean and standard deviation (SD) of intelligence (IQ) and psychosocial functioning (PF) across levels of SES indicators; </p

Associations between potential explanatory risk factors and disability pension, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

<p>^<i>a</i> = Participants with information on occupation in 1985 census (n = 8218 men, 7213 women).</p><p>Associations between potential explanatory risk factors and disability pension, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p