Clinical Features and Virologic Characteristics of Primary and Early HIV-1 Infection in Slovenian Patients

Analysis of time trends in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients in Slovenia over a 10-year period (1996-2005) showed an increase in the number of newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients in 2004 and 2005 as well as increase in the number of newly diagnosed patients with primary/early HIV-1 infection. A retrospective analysis was performed in order to evaluate the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory and virological parameters of primary/early HIV-1 infection presenting with or without acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). Primary/early HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in 33 (19.5%) out of 169 newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients during the 10-year period. Most patients experienced ARS, the most commonly reported symptoms being fever, malaise and pharyngitis, followed by rash and lymphadenopathy. Median CD4 cell count was 415 cells/mm3, median CD8 cell count was 865 cells/mm3 and median HIV-1 viral load at the time of diagnosis was 5.1 log10 copies/mL. The increase in the number of newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients may be in part due to increased awareness among clinicians of the possibility of ARS, and the possibility of increased awareness of symptoms of ARS among persons at high risk of infection

HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemic and Transmission Patterns in Slovenia

In the present study the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B in Slovenia during the 10-year period was investigated using phylogenetic analysis of pol gene sequences. 119 pol sequences generated on samples dated from January 1996 to December 2005 were retrieved from the database of Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory. The phylogenetic analysis revealed 14 potentially significant transmission clusters (bootstrap value 98%), comprising 34 HIV-1 strains. The vast majority of clustered individuals were men (91%), and of them, 79% were men who have sex with men. Factors significantly associated with clustering were: recent infection (HIV-1 infection during or after year 2003), diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection, higher CD4 cell count and acquiring HIV-1 infection in Slovenia. Recent subtype B HIV-1 infections are the important driving force of current HIV-1 epidemic in Slovenia

OPTIMISING DIGITAL CIRCUIT CELLS

Abstract: Pre-designed cells, such as buffers, adders and flip-flops are provided by foundries and used in digital circuit design. Actual cell implementation at transistor level is not considered during the synthesis of a digital circuit. The paper describes four cases of transistor-level cell optimisation that can be employed to reach arbitrary customisation. Due to the landscape of the cost functions a global optimisation method was used. The results show that up to 80% improvement of the properties of pre-designed cells can be obtained. Optimizacija gradnikov digitalnih vezij Kjučne besede: načrtovanje digitalnih integriranih vezij, splošni osnovni gradniki, sinteza digitalnih vezij, optimizacija na tranzistorskem nivoju Izvleček: Načrtovalec sestavi digitalno integrirano vezje iz osnovnih gradnikov, kot so medpomnilniki, seštevalniki, flip-flopi ipd. Knjižnico z naborom osnovnih gradnikov zagotovi izdelovalec integriranih vezij. Izvedba posameznega gradnika na tranzistorskem nivoju med postopkom načrtovanja ni več pomembna. Članek se ukvarja z možnostjo prilagoditve posameznega gradnika točno na zahteve, v katerih deluje. Opisani so štije primeri optimizacije osnovnih gradnikov na tranzistorskem nivoju. Pri tem je bila zaradi narave kriterijske funkcije uporabljena globalna optimizacijska metoda. Tako je možno doseči najboljšo prilagoditev gradnika na specifične zahteve. Rezultati kažejo do 80% izboljšanje glede na lastnosti splošnega gradnika, ki ga zagotovi izdelovalec integriranih vezij

Clinical Features and Virologic Characteristics of Primary and Early HIV-1 Infection in Slovenian Patients

Analysis of time trends in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients in Slovenia over a 10-year period (1996-2005) showed an increase in the number of newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients in 2004 and 2005 as well as increase in the number of newly diagnosed patients with primary/early HIV-1 infection. A retrospective analysis was performed in order to evaluate the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory and virological parameters of primary/early HIV-1 infection presenting with or without acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). Primary/early HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in 33 (19.5%) out of 169 newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients during the 10-year period. Most patients experienced ARS, the most commonly reported symptoms being fever, malaise and pharyngitis, followed by rash and lymphadenopathy. Median CD4 cell count was 415 cells/mm3, median CD8 cell count was 865 cells/mm3 and median HIV-1 viral load at the time of diagnosis was 5.1 log10 copies/mL. The increase in the number of newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients may be in part due to increased awareness among clinicians of the possibility of ARS, and the possibility of increased awareness of symptoms of ARS among persons at high risk of infection