Крим в українських історичних піснях

Метою даної роботи є Кримські мотиви в історичних піснях. Тема широка, але ми розглянемо окремі її аспекти, взявши пісні про боротьбу з татарами і турками ХVI – XVII ст

Examining if being overweight really confers protection against dementia: Sixty-four year follow-up of participants in the Glasgow University alumni cohort study

BACKGROUND: Recent large-scale studies suggest that obesity and overweight may confer protection against future dementia. This observation could, however, be generated by reverse causality. That is, weight loss in the incipient phase of dementia ascribed to diminished self-care, including sub-optimal nutrition, would have the effect of generating such an inverse association. One approach to circumventing this problem would be to measure weight in a population which is young enough to be free of the symptoms of dementia which is then followed up for dementia occurrence over many decades. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, body mass index, and other potential risk factors, were measured in 9547 male university undergraduates (mean age 20.5 years) in 1948-68 who were then linked to national mortality registers. RESULTS: Of 2537 deaths over a mean of 50.6 years follow up, 140 were ascribed to dementia. There was no association between overweight and future dementia deaths (age-adjusted hazard ratio; 95 % confidence interval: 0.93; 0.49, 1.79). CONCLUSION: In this cohort study of former university students, being overweight in youth did not confer protection against later dementia death

Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review

Background - Dementia risk reduction is a major and growing public health priority. While certain modifiable risk factors for dementia have been identified, there remains a substantial proportion of unexplained risk. There is evidence that environmental risk factors may explain some of this risk. Thus, we present the first comprehensive systematic review of environmental risk factors for dementia. Methods - We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases from their inception to January 2016, bibliographies of review articles, and articles related to publically available environmental data. Articles were included if they examined the association between an environmental risk factor and dementia. Studies with another outcome (for example, cognition), a physiological measure of the exposure, case studies, animal studies, and studies of nutrition were excluded. Data were extracted from individual studies which were, in turn, appraised for methodological quality. The strength and consistency of the overall evidence for each risk factor identified was assessed. Results - We screened 4784 studies and included 60 in the review. Risk factors were considered in six categories: air quality, toxic heavy metals, other metals, other trace elements, occupational-related exposures, and miscellaneous environmental factors. Few studies took a life course approach. There is at least moderate evidence implicating the following risk factors: air pollution; aluminium; silicon; selenium; pesticides; vitamin D deficiency; and electric and magnetic fields. Conclusions - Studies varied widely in size and quality and therefore we must be circumspect in our conclusions. Nevertheless, this extensive review suggests that future research could focus on a short list of environmental risk factors for dementia. Furthermore, further robust, longitudinal studies with repeated measures of environmental exposures are required to confirm these associations

Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure and Parkinson's Disease-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Data

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between occupational exposure to extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and Parkinson's disease. METHODS: We systematically searched publications reporting risk estimates of Parkinson's disease in workers exposed to ELF-MF. Summary relative risks were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: We included 11 studies. To assign exposure, four studies evaluated occupational records, four used census, interview or questionnaire information and three used death certificates. Risk of Parkinson's disease was not elevated in workers exposed to ELF-MF with a summary relative risk of 1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.13. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there was no evidence that the exposure to ELF-MF increases the risk of Parkinson's disease

Discordant inheritance of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA elements contribute to dynamic disease evolution in glioblastoma

Somatic evolution in glioblastoma (GBM) is a dynamic process favoring clonal architecture beneficial to tumor growth. Oncogene amplification in extra-chromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is frequent in GBMs. In contrast to somatic chromosomal abnormalities, ecDNA amplification results in highly variable copy number per cell, unequal distribution into daughter cells, and rapid copy number regulation to favor tumor cell fitness in response to environmental changes. Therapeutic interventions and the changes in the environment during the generation of patient-derived models represent selective pressures considered in this study. We performed exome and low pass whole genome sequencing to study: (A) 12 newly diagnosed GBM biopsies and 1 matched recurrent tumor, representing the most frequent genomic abnormalities, the derived neurosphere culture, and orthotopic xenograft trios; (B) 58 matching pairs of primary-recurrent gliomas. The presence of ecDNA was predicted from DNA copy number analysis and further investigated by FISH in tissue samples and metaphase spreads. We found that 100% of homozygous deletions and somatic single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) affecting GBM driver genes in the tumor samples were propagated to the neurospheres and xenografts. Focal amplification of 1 to 3 oncogenes/tumor was found in ecDNA for 7 of the 13 cases. CDK4, MDM2, EGFR, and PDGFRA ecDNA amplifications were maintained from the tumor to all models. Frequency of ecDNA MYC amplification was low in 2 newly diagnosed GBMs (0.5 and 2% cells), increasing to 100% in the recurrent tumor for one case, and in all models for both cases. Frequency of MET ecDNA remarkably decreased in culture and was recovered in the xenografts. For the primary-recurrent glioma pairs, receptor-tyrosine kinase amplification in ecDNAs was frequently retained after recurrence, regardless of treatment, while ecDNA bearing MYC amplification emerged in the recurrent tumor. Our results highlight the importance of ecDNA in glioma evolution, with implications for clinical and pre-clinical studies

The effects of different daily irradiance profiles on Arabidopsis growth, with special attention to the role of PsbS

In nature, light is never constant, while in the controlled environments used for vertical farming, in vitro propagation, or plant production for scientific research, light intensity is often kept constant during the photoperiod. To investigate the effects on plant growth of varying irradiance during the photoperiod, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana under three irradiance profiles: a square-wave profile, a parabolic profile with gradually increasing and subsequently decreasing irradiance, and a regime comprised of rapid fluctuations in irradiance. The daily integral of irradiance was the same for all three treatments. Leaf area, plant growth rate, and biomass at time of harvest were compared. Plants grown under the parabolic profile had the highest growth rate and biomass. This could be explained by a higher average light-use efficiency for carbon dioxide fixation. Furthermore, we compared the growth of wild type plants with that of the PsbS-deficient mutant npq4. PsbS triggers the fast non-photochemical quenching process (qE) that protects PSII from photodamage during sudden increases in irradiance. Based mainly on field and greenhouse experiments, the current consensus is that npq4 mutants grow more slowly in fluctuating light. However, our data show that this is not the case for several forms of fluctuating light conditions under otherwise identical controlled-climate room conditions

Occupational exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a prospective cohort

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively study suspected occupational risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: For this case-cohort analysis within the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study, 58 279 men and 62 573 women aged 55-69 years at enrolment in 1986 were followed up for 17.3 years on ALS mortality. Information on occupational history and potential confounders were collected at baseline through a self-administered questionnaire and entered for a random subcohort (2092 men and 2074 women) and ALS deaths (76 men and 60 women). Occupational exposure to solvents, pesticides, metals, extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and electrical shocks was estimated by means of job exposure matrices (JEMs). Associations between ever/never occupationally exposed and cumulative exposure and ALS mortality were analysed by gender using Cox regression. RESULTS: Occupational exposure to ELF-MF showed a possible association with ALS mortality among men: HR for ever holding a job with high exposure versus background 2.19 (95% (CI): 1.02 to 4.73) and HR for the highest tertile of cumulative exposure versus background 1.93 (95% CI 1.05 to 3.55). INTERPRETATION: These results strengthen the evidence suggesting a positive association between ELF-MF exposure and ALS. We did not replicate earlier positive findings for other occupational exposures