Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of a Novel Type of Human Papillomavirus 160 Isolated from a Flat Wart of an Immunocompetent Patient

<div><p>More than 150 types of Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been isolated from numerous cutaneous and/or mucosal lesions. Flat wart samples on the face from 36 immunocompetent patients were collected and screened for HPV. From one sample, we cloned a putative novel genotype. The novel type consisted of 7779 bp in length with a GC content of 47.1%, containing open reading frames for putative early proteins (E1, E2, E4, E6, and E7) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Homology searches and phylogenetic analyses indicated that it belonged to <i>Alphapapillomavirus</i> (<i>Alpha-PV</i>) species 2 and most closely resembled HPV 3. The virus fulfilled the definition of a novel type, and was named HPV 160 by the Reference Center for Papillomaviruses. The putative E7 protein of HPV 160 as well as HPV 29, 77, and 78 contained the Leu-X-Cys-X-Glu pRB-binding motif but other <i>Alpha-PV</i> species 2 (HPV 3, 10, 28, 94, 117, and 125) did not have this conserved motif.</p> </div

A23187-induced contraction of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells.

<p>(A) hBS11 cells were preloaded with SiR-actin (100 nM) for 2 h on day 3 or 9 of differentiation culture and then cultured for another 3 days in pmDM. Next, the cells were treated with a calcium ionophore A23187 (5 μM) on day 6 (upper row) or 12 (lower row) of differentiated culture. The cells were sequentially observed using epifluorescence microscopy and time-lapse recordings at 5 s intervals. Small arrows represent contracted actin bundles. Incubation time before and after stimulation with A23187 is shown at the upper panel corners. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) Cells were cultured in pmDM for 12 days and stimulated with (f-j) or without (a-e) A23187 (5 μM) for 10 min. Next, the cells were subjected to filamentous actin staining with Alexa 546-conjugated phalloidin (red in b, d, g and i) and immunostaining analysis with antibodies for α-SMA (green). Images of the same fields are shown in a-c, d-e, f-h and i-j, respectively. Arrow heads represent thickened knob-like actin bundles. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 100 μm for (a-c and f-h) and 20 μm for (d,e,i and j). (C) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmDM for 7 days and stimulated with A23187 (5 μM) for 45 min. Next, the cells were subjected to immunostaining analysis with antibodies for α-SMA (green) and β-CYA (red). The phase contrast image (a) and merged image (b) of c and d are shown. The cells that were intensely stained with α-SMA antibody (arrow heads) exclusively shrank. In contrast, the intact spreading cells (arrows) contained β-CYA-positive and α-SMA-negative bundles. Scale bar, 100 μm.</p

Gene ontology analysis of downregulated genes in differentiated hBS11 cells.

<p>Gene ontology analysis of downregulated genes in differentiated hBS11 cells.</p

Phylogenetic tree based on L1 ORF sequences of HPV 160 and <i>Alpha-PVs</i>.

<p>The maximum likelihood method was used for analysis and the tree was constructed using MEGA software (version 5.05). The tree is drawn to scale, and the evolutionary distances were calculated in <i>Alpha-PVs</i>. Numbers show maximum likelihood bootstrap values above 50%.</p

Calcium increase in immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells.

<p>(A) Differentiated hBS11 cells were preloaded with a calcium sensitive dye Fluo-4 AM, and then stimulated with a cholinergic agonist carbachol (1 mM). The cells were observed under epifluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent images correspond to the frames 2, 5, 10, 20, 31, and 37 of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186584#pone.0186584.s012" target="_blank">S3 Video</a>. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) Differentiated hBS11 cells were treated as described in (A). The cells were observed under phase contrast and epifluorescence microscopy. The phase contrast image was taken before stimulation with carbachol. Fluorescent images correspond to the frames 28 and 34 of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186584#pone.0186584.s013" target="_blank">S4 Video</a>. A circle represents a cell-to-cell contact region between neighboring cells named #1 and #2 in a phase contrast image before carbachol stimulation (left panel). Calcium signaling was conducted between neighboring cells (middle and right panels). (C) hBS11 cells were preloaded with Fluo-4 AM for 1 h on day 14 or 19 of differentiation culture and then stimulated with a cholinergic agonist carbachol (50 μM) for 30 s. Digital fluorescent imaging was obtained using a two-photon confocal microscope. ΔF/F₀ represents percent changes in the fluorescence intensity over resting levels. (a) Effect of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (5 μM) on carbachol-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation. Horizontal bar represents the period of exposure to carbachol. F/F₀ of hBS11 cells before (open circles), during the treatment of atropine (red circles), and after washing off atropine (blue circles) are shown. (b) Pooled data regarding the effect of atropine on carbachol-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation. Atropine treatment significantly blocked the Ca²⁺ elevation. Statistical significance (p-value) was estimated using the multi-comparison Dunnett’s test (n = 8). Each dashed line connecting open circles represents data obtained from the same cells. Each bar represents average and standard error of mean. (D) hBS11 cells were cultured for 14 days in pmDM and preloaded with Fluo-4 AM. Next, the medium was switched to a calcium-deleted Krebs-Ringer solution supplemented with 90 mM KCl. The cells were sequentially observed using epifluorescence microscopy and time-lapse recordings with a 30-second interval. Incubation time before and after stimulation with calcium (2.8 mM) is shown at the upper panel corners. Scale bar, 10 μm.</p

Phenotypic modulation of human bladder smooth muscle cells.

<p>(A) Structural changes of a bladder between contraction for expelling and expansion for storage of urine. Arrows represent the direction of intraluminal pressure. (B) A schematic figure for bidirectional phenotypic modulation of human bladder smooth muscle cells. Detailed explanations and discussion for reversible differentiation and isoform-dependent reorganization of actin bundles are outlined in the main text. (C) A schematic figure for the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Dedifferentiated SMC is a collective term of a variety of SMC subtypes. Dedifferentiation from contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype is often irreversible or partially reversible.</p

Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes in differentiated hBS11 cells.

<p>Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes in differentiated hBS11 cells.</p

Growth properties of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells.

<p>(A-C) Morphological features of human bladder smooth muscle cells. Parental primary cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells at passage 2 (A) in Smooth Muscle Cell Growth Medium 2 contained heterogeneous cell populations that included compact cells (arrow heads) and spreading cells (arrows). Parental primary cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells at passage 7 (B) contained extensively spreading cells (arrows) and a loss of proliferative potential even when cultured in pmGM. Immortalized human bladder smooth muscle hBS11cells (C) exhibited a compact and rhomboid shape. Arrow heads represent mitotic cells. The images in (A-C) are shown at the same magnification. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Optimization of culture medium components for the growth of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells. hBS11 cells were plated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium–high glucose (hDMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS. The next day (day 0), the medium was switched to a test medium, and cells were cultured for another 3 days. The number of nuclei was counted and normalized to the day 0 values. Averages and standard deviations were estimated from four independent cultures for each treatment. hDMEM was used as a basal medium except for SMC-GM2. FBS, fetal bovine serum; ULG, 2% Ultroser G. (E) The lifespan of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells. The number of multiclonal cells (hBS11) between passage 7 and 19 was calculated. Day 0 of the culture period represents when the cells were plated for passage 7. The fold increase was estimated by normalizing to the cell number at day 0. (F) Karyotype analysis of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells. hBS11 cells (passages 11 and 12) were treated with colcemid (0.5 μM) for 3 h. Metaphase chromosomes 46, XY were visualized using Giemsa staining.</p

Smooth muscle differentiation of immortalized human bladder smooth muscle cells.

<p>(A) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmGM for 3 days or pmDM for 4 and 12 days. Phase contrast images were taken at the same magnification. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmGM for 3 and 6 days or pmDM for 3, 6, 10, and 12 days. Ten micrograms of total protein was subjected to immunoblotting analysis with antibodies for myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), γ-smooth muscle actin (γ-SMA), β-cytoplasmic actin (β-CYA), acetylcholine muscarinic receptor 3 (Ach(M3)), acetylcholine muscarinic receptor 2 (Ach(M2)), calponin, <i>h</i>-caldesmon, and β-tubulin. (C) hBS11 cells were plated at a density of 5.6, 11.1, or 55.6 cells/mm² in hDMEM supplemented with 20% FBS. The cells were then cultured in pmDM for 6 days. The cells were subjected to immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies for α-SMA (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmGM for 3 days or pmDM for 3, 6, and 12 days. Phase contrast images (upper row) and fluorescent images with Alexa 546-conjugated phalloidin (red in lower row) of the same fields are shown in each column. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue in lower row). Scale bar, 100 μm.</p

Isoform-dependent reorganization of actin bundles during bladder smooth muscle cell differentiation.

<p>(A) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmGM for 3 days or pmDM for 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, and then subjected to immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies for connexin 43 (green in top row), β-CYA (green in middle row) and α-SMA (green in lower row). Filamentous actin was visualized with Alexa 546-conjugated phalloidin (red in upper row). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm. (B) hBS11 cells were cultured for 6 days in pmDM and then subjected to immunofluorescent analysis with antibodies for α-SMA (c). Filamentous actin was visualized with Alexa 546-conjugated phalloidin (b). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The merged image was shown in (a). Arrows represent a hypertrophic cell containing α-SMA-positive actin bundles. Scale bars, 50 μm. (C) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmDM for 12 days and then subjected to immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies for β-CYA (green in upper and middle rows), and α-SMA (red in middle and lower rows), and γ-SMA (green in lower row). Filamentous actin was visualized with Alexa 546-conjugated phalloidin (red in upper row). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm. Merged images are shown in the left column. (D) hBS11 cells were cultured in pmGM for 3 and 6 days or pmDM for 6 and 12 days, and then subjected to quantification of globular (G-actin) and filamentous (F-actin) forms. Fractions of G- and F-actin prepared from 10 μg of total proteins were quantified by immunoblotting analysis with isoform-specific antibodies for α-SMA, γ-SMA and β-CYA. The signal intensity of each band was quantified with Image J software and shown as arbitrary units. Total actin represents the sum of [G-actin] and [F-actin], and [% F-/Total] represents the ratio of F-actin in each isoform.</p