18 research outputs found
Povezica naruÅ”enog periodontalnog zdravlja u mlaÄih bolesnika sa shizofrenijom s pogorÅ”anjem simptoma tijekom remisije: prospektivno kohortno istraživanje
Objectives - The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate whether the association of periodontal status with schizophrenia treatment outcomes differs by patientās age. Subjects and methods - The study was performed on the consecutive sample of 67 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and discharged because achieving remission criteria. Papilla bleeding index (PBI) was measured at hospital discharge. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) total score, positive, negative and general symptoms subscalesā scores were measured at hospital discharge, after three, and after six months. Results: - After the adjustment for potential confounders, baseline PBI was significantly unfavorably associated with PANSS total score, negative and general symptoms subscales scores in the patients younger than 45 three and six months after the hospital discharge, and with the positive symptoms sub-scale in patients younger than 34. At youngest 10% of patients, a unit difference in baseline PBI resulted in the 8.12 (95% CI 2.78-13.47; p=0.004) points higher total PANSS score three months later. Our study showed that the younger patients with worse periodontal status are at higher risk for poorer schizophrenia treatment outcomes and faster worsening of remission. This study demonstrates the necessity of more rigorous and more frequent control of younger schizophrenia patients with worse periodontal status after hospital discharge to achieve overall improvement of the patientsā quality of life as well as the efficacy of psychiatric therapies aimed toward the primary mental disorder.Cilj ove prospektivne kohortne studije bio je istražiti postoji li razlika u povezanosti parodontnog statusa sa slabljenjem kvalitete remisije shizofrenije ovisno o dobi pacijenta. Ispitanici i metode: - Istraživanje je provedeno na susljednom uzorku od 67 pacijenata s dijagnosticiranom shizofrenijom koji su otpuÅ”teni iz bolnice radi ostvarenih kriterija remisije. Indeks krvareÄe papile (PBI, engl. papilla bleeding index) izmjeren je pri otpustu iz bolnice. Ispitanici su procijenjeni ljestvicom pozitivnih i negativnih simptoma (PANSS) pri otpustu iz bolnice, nakon tri i nakon Å”est mjeseci. Rezultati: - Nakon prilagodbe za potencijalne zbunjujuÄe varijable, indeks krvareÄe papile bio je znaÄajno inverzno povezan s ukupnim PANSS rezultatom, te rezultatom subljestvica za negativne i generalne psihotiÄne simptome kod pacijenata mlaÄih od 45 godina nakon tri i nakon Å”est mjeseci poslije otpusta iz bolnice, te s rezultatom subljestvice za pozitivne simptome kod pacijenata mlaÄih od 34 godine. Kod najmlaÄih 10% pacijenata, jediniÄna razlika u indeksu krvareÄe papile bila je za 8.12 (95% CI 2.78-13.47; p=0.004) viÅ”a za ukupni PANSS rezultat tri mjeseca nakon otpusta iz bolnice. ZakljuÄci: NaÅ”e je istraživanje pokazalo da mlaÄi pacijenti s loÅ”ijim parodontnim statusom imaju poveÄan rizik za loÅ”iju kvalitetu remisije shizofrenije, odnosno brže pogorÅ”anje simptoma tijekom remisije. Ovo istraživanje ukazuje na potrebu za pojaÄanom i ÄeÅ”Äom kontrolom mlaÄih pacijenata sa shizofrenijom koji imaju loÅ”iji parodontni status nakon otpusta iz bolnice kako bi poboljÅ”ali kvalitetu života pacijenta kao i pridonijeli uÄinkovitijoj terapiji primarnog mentalnog poremeÄaja
Malignant Diseases and Mental Disorders - Prevalence, Mortality, Therapeutic Challenge
PsihiÄki poremeÄaji koji dolaze u komorbiditetu s karcinomom drastiÄno smanjuju kvalitetu života i utjeÄu na ishod bolesti, poveÄavaju mortalitet, a prema literaturi smatra se da se javljaju kod 50 % pacijenata s dijagnozom karcinoma. Rana detekcija psihiÄkih poremeÄaja, probir, odabir adekvatnih dijagnostiÄkih ljestvica i odabir adekvatne terapije preduvjet su poboljÅ”anja kvalitete života takvih bolesnika i utjecaja na povoljniju prognozu. Cilj ovog preglednog rada bio je odgovoriti na pitanja: koji su to psihiÄki poremeÄaji koji se javljaju, kakva je kvaliteta života, postoje li specifiÄne ljestvice za procjenu, dobivaju li psihijatrijski pacijenti adekvatnu skrb, postoje li specifiÄnosti terapije kao i interakcija onkoloÅ”ke terapije te može li terapija onkoloÅ”kog pacijenta inducirati nastanak psihiÄkog poremeÄaja. Pretraživali smo literaturu koristeÄi bazu podataka US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Ī£ Medline/Pubmed sistem. Uzimali smo u obzir publikacije tijekom zadnjih deset godina. PsiholoÅ”ke reakcije i psihiÄki poremeÄaji su brojni, a rezultat su same dijagnoze koja podrazumijeva doživotno lijeÄenje, agresivnih medicinskih tretmana, promjena u naÄinu života, no i direktnog utjecaja tumora. VeÄina studija ukazuje na protektivnu ulogu shizofrenije i psihofarmaka, no neke nuspojave psihofarmaka dovode se u direktnu vezu s kancerogenim uÄinkom. Postoje specifiÄne ljestvice za procjenu psihiÄkog stanja kod pacijenata koji boluju od malignih bolesti. Å to
se pak tiÄe skrbi, pacijenti koji boluju od karcinoma, a u komorbiditetu imaju psihiÄke poremeÄaje ili bolesti ne dobivaju adekvatan tretman važeÄi prema danaÅ”njim smjernicama za lijeÄenje karcinoma. To znanje pak ukazuje na važnost timskog, multidisciplinskog pristupa koji jedini može pravovremeno, kvalitetno pomoÄi takvim bolesnicima.Mental disorders comorbid with carcinoma, which according to the literature occur in 50% of cases of cancer, drastically decrease the quality of life of patients, increase mortality rate, and affect the outcome of the disease. Early detection of mental disorders, screening, the use of adequate diagnostic scales, and therapy are a prerequisite to improving of the quality of life of such patients and achieving a better
prognosis. The aim of this review paper is to find an answer to the following questions: which mental disorders can occur? What is the quality of life of these patients? Are there specific assessment scales? Do psychiatric patients receive adequate treatment? Are there any therapeutic specificities and interactions with the oncological therapy? Can an oncological patientās therapy cause the occurrence of a mental disorder? We went through the literature with the help of the US National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database Ī£ the Medline/Pubmed system Ī£ and we took into consideration publications from the past ten years. There are many psychological reactions and mental disorders that occur as a result of diagnoses that requires a lifetime of treatment, aggressive medical treatments, lifestyle changes, and of the influence of the tumour itself. Most studies indicate a protective role of schizophrenia and psychopharmacology but also that certain side-effects of drugs are directly linked with a cancerogenic effect. There are specific scales to assess the mental state of patients suffering from malignancies. According to current guiding principles, patients suffering from carcinoma in comorbidity with mental disorders or diseases do not receive adequate treatment. Our current knowledge, however, indicates the importance of team-work and an interdisciplinary approach as the only solution to effectively and adequately help patients
Difficulties of Caregivers of Individuals Suffering from Alzheimerās Disease
U danaÅ”njem druÅ”tvu postoji jasan trend porasta broja osoba starije životne dobi pa time i sve veÄa statistiÄka znaÄajnost broja osoba oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti Å”to generira poveÄanu potrebu adekvatne skrbi za oboljele. Uz formalne oblike skrbi (pružene od profesionalaca iz sustava zdravstvene i socijalne skrbi), neformalna njega znaÄajan je resurs u pružanju skrbi osobama s demencijom. Neformalni njegovatelji su pojedinci koji se dobrovoljno brinu za Älana obitelji ili prijatelja koji se suoÄava sa boleÅ”Äu, invaliditetom ili bilo kojim drugim stanjem koje zahtijeva posebnu pažnju. S obzirom na tijek i duljinu trajanja Alzheimerove bolesti i sama skrb za oboljelog je dugotrajna i iscrpljuÄa, a ukljuÄuje sve razine funkcioranja njegovatelja pa ju je potrebno sagledavati u kontekstu kako ekonomskog, tako i emocionalnog, mentalnog i fiziÄkog stanja njegovatelja. Iako može imati i neke blagotvorne aspekte, skrb za oboljeloga je obiÄno vrlo stresna i može u znaÄajnoj mjesti utjecati na zdravlje i dobrobit njegovatelja te je stoga potrebno razmotriti probleme i optereÄenja s kojima se susreÄu njegovatelji osoba oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti.In modern society, the number of elderly individuals is higher and so is the statistical significance of people living with Alzheimerās disease. This trend results in a higher demand for adequate care for such patients. Along with formal care (provided by social workers and other health care professionals), informal care has become a significant resource in the nursing of individuals with dementia. Informal caregivers are individuals who voluntarily attend to the needs of a family member or a frend living with illness, handicap, or any other condition that requires special needs. Considering the course and duration of Alzheimerās disease, the nursing of patients can also be lengthy and exhausting. Moreover, all aspects of a caregiverās job must be taken into consideration starting the mental, emotional, and physical health to nursing expences. Although there are positive aspects, nursing an individual with dementia is extremely stressful and significantly affect the health and wellbeing of the caregiver, and therefore it is necessary to take into consideration all difficulties and problems caregivers of people living with Alzheimerās disease may encounter
Microbiological Quality of Raw Donkey Milk from Serbia and Its Antibacterial Properties at Pre-Cooling Temperature
The aim of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of raw donkey milk of an indigenous Serbian breed as well as the changes in the microbial populations during storage at 4 Ā°C. In addition, antibacterial activity of donkey milk against E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus at 15 Ā°C as well as the content of the two main antibacterial proteins lysozyme and lactoferrin were investigated. Microbiological examination of 137 individual milk samples collected over a period of 21 months showed good microbiological quality since foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were not detected in any of the analyzed samples, while the number of E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliform bacteria, sulfite-reducing Clostridia and aerobic sporogenic bacteria was below the limit of quantification (<1 cfu mLā1). During the six-days storage at 4 Ā°C, total bacterial counts and the counts of lactic acid bacteria remained at the initial level while pathogenic bacteria were not detected. The strongest antibacterial activity of the tested milk was observed against E. coli, while S. aureus was the least sensitive to milk antibacterial compounds. Although further research is needed to fully elucidate the antibacterial mechanism and synergistic activity of different compounds in donkey milk, the high content lysozyme (2.63 Ā± 0.03 g Lā1) and lactoferrin (15.48 mg Lā1) observed in tested milk could contribute to its strong antibacterial activity and extension of the storage period during which it can be safely consumed
Dementia is More Frequent in Women
Demencija je sindrom globalnog i progresivnog oÅ”teÄenja steÄenih kognitivnih sposobnosti pri oÄuvanoj svijesti prouzroÄen organskom boleÅ”Äu srediÅ”njeg živÄanog sustava u kojem su posebno oÅ”teÄene sposobnosti pamÄenja, uÄenja, apstraktnog miÅ”ljenja, orijentacije te poimanja vidnoāprostornih odnosa. Prevalencija i incidencija
Alzheimerove bolesti (AB), najÄeÅ”Äeg uzroka demencije, znatno je veÄa kod žena nego kod muÅ”karaca, a ta se razlika s dobi poveÄava. Dvostruko veÄa uÄestalost AB kod žena u odnosu na muÅ”karce djelomiÄno se može objasniti time Å”to žene imaju oÄekivano dulji životni vijek. Žene imaju loÅ”iju kognitivnu izvedbu na mnogim neuropsihologijskim testovima u odnosu na muÅ”karce u istom stadiju bolesti, odnosno viÅ”estruke kognitivne funkcije kod žena teže su i
Å”ire zahvaÄene nego kod muÅ”karaca. MoguÄi razlozi za ovakvu nepovoljnost naspram žena su redukcija estrogena u postmenopauzi, veÄe kognitivne rezerve muÅ”karaca te utjecaj apolipoproteina E. OdreÄeni bioloÅ”ki Äimbenici takoÄer bi mogli objasniti razliÄite kliniÄke manifestacije AB s obzirom na spol. Osim Å”to prema prezentiranim
podatcima žene ÄeÅ”Äe obolijevaju od AB, žene su takoÄer te koje u bitno veÄoj mjeri pružaju neformalnu njegu ljudima s demencijom, te su oko dvije treÄine neformalnih njegovatelja žene. ZakljuÄno, u daljnjem istraživaÄkom i kliniÄkom radu s AB svakako bi trebalo obratiti pozornost na spoznaje o spolnim razlikama u razvoju i progresiji ove bolesti.Dementia is a syndrome of global and progressive impairment of acquired cognitive abilities with preserved consciousness caused by an organic illness of the central nervous system with especially pronounced damage to the ability to memorise, learn, think abstractly, orientate, and perceive spatial relations. The prevalence and incidence of
Alzheimerās Disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is considerably greater in women than in men, and that difference increases with age. The fact that AD occurs twice as often in women than in men may be partially explained by a longer life expectancy among women. Women show worse cognitive performance on numerous neuropsychological tests in comparison to men during the same stage of the disease, meaning that multiple cognitive functions are more widely and severely impaired in women than in men. Possible reasons for such unfavourable results among women are a reduction of oestrogen during post-menopause, larger cognitive reserves in men, and the influence of apolipoprotein E. Certain biological factors may also explain various clinical manifestations of AD regarding sex. Apart from the fact that, according to presented data, women develop AD more often than men, women are also those who offer informal care to people with dementia in much greater numbers, and almost two thirds of informal caregivers are women. In conclusion, further research and clinical work with AD should certainly pay attention to insights about sex differences in the development and progression of this disease
A REPORT OF RARELY OBSERVED RESISTANCE PATTERN TO CARBAPENEMS IN A CLINICAL ISOLATE OF ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE
Rad izvjeÅ”tava o pojavi soja Enterobacter cloacae u kojeg je dokazan rijetko viÄen oblik otpornosti na karbapeneme posredovan enzimom IMI-1, skupine A beta-laktamaza. Soj je izoliran iz obriska rane u bolesnika koji je zbog infekcije kirurÅ”ke rane prethodno lijeÄen meropenemom. OgraniÄen izbor antibiotika kojima se mogu lijeÄiti infekcije uzrokovane ovakvim uzroÄnicima upuÄuje na nužnost toÄne identifikacije viÅ”estruko otpornih gram-negativnih mikroorganizama i otkrivanje njihovih mehanizama otpornosti. Prepoznavanje viÅ”estruko otpornih mikroorganizama naglaÅ”ava važnost kontinuiranoga mikrobioloÅ”kog nadzora bolesnika, osobito u jedinicama intenzivnog lijeÄenja. U prikazanoj ustanovi nije bilo sekundarnog Å”irenja ovog soja. Identifikacija novih mehanizama otpornosti pomaže kliniÄarima u izboru ciljane terapije, a istodobno je nužna za uspjeÅ”no sprjeÄavanje Å”irenja infekcija izazvanih viÅ”estruko otpornim mikroorganizmima.The paper reports on the emergence of strain in which Enterobacter cloacae has demonstrated an unusual form of resistance to carbapenems mediated by enzyme IMI-1, class A beta-lactamase. The strain was isolated from a wound swab in the patient who had a surgical wound infection previously treated with meropenem. Limited choice of antibiotics that can treat infections caused by these pathogens indicates the necessity of accurate identification of multiple resistant gram-negative microorganisms and mechanisms of their resistance. Recognition of multiresistant gram-negative microorganisms emphasizes the importance of continuous microbiological monitoring of patients, especially in intensive care units. In the investigated institution there was no secondary spread of this strain. Identifying new mechanisms of resistance will be helpful to clinicians in selection of targeted therapy, while important for efficient prevention of spreading infections caused by multiple resistant microorganisms
Alzheimerās Disease ā Influence on Female Caregiversā Living and Mental Health
Demencija je javnozdravstveni problem koji Äe postati sve vidljiviji kako stanovniÅ”tvo stari. Danas u svijetu živi 50 milijuna ljudi oboljelih od demencije, a procjenjuje se da Äe do 2030. broj oboljelih narasti na 65,7 milijuna, odnosno na 115,4 milijuna oboljelih do 2050. godine. Danas kada demenciju nastojimo dijagnosticirati Å”to ranije, bitno je oboljelima i njihovim obiteljima ponuditi kontinuirani i Å”to kvalitetniji program lijeÄenja i skrbi. U ovom radu željeli smo pokazati koji su glavni problemi vezani uz Alzheimerovu bolest i druge demencije u suvremenom svijetu, a bitno utjeÄu na život žena njegovatelja. Opisan je utjecaj na žene koje skrbe za ljude s demencijom u ulozi profesionalnog njegovatelja i na žene koje preuzimaju ulogu neformalnog njegovatelja osobe oboljele od demencije. Rano prepoznavanje emocionalnog stresa kod njegovatelja nužno je kako bi se uspjelo preventivno djelovati (savjetovanje, suportivna psihoterapija, kognitivno-bihevioralni tretman), te sprijeÄiti razvoj ili pogorÅ”anje
veÄ postojeÄih tjelesnih bolesti (npr. kardiovaskularnih), odnosno mentalnih poremeÄaja od kojih su, osim nesanice, najÄeÅ”Äi anksioznost i depresivnost.Dementia is a public health problem that will become more obvious as the population grows older. There are 50 million people with dementia in the world, and it is estimated that the number of people with dementia will rise to 65.7 million by 2030, and 115.4 million by 2050. At present, we are trying to diagnose dementia as early as possible, and it is important to offer patients and their families a continuous and high-quality program of treatment and care. In this article, we wanted to show the main problems connected with Alzheimerās disease and other dementias in the modern world which influence the lives of female caregivers. The influence on women who take care of people with dementia as professional caregivers, as well as women who take the role of an informal caregiver of a person with dementia has been described. Early recognition of emotional stress in caregivers is necessary for successful preventive actions (counselling, supportive
psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural treatment) and for preventing the development or worsening of already existing somatic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular), as well as mental disorders, among which, apart from insomnia, anxiety and depression are the most common forms
Alzheimerās Disease ā Influence on Female Caregiversā Living and Mental Health
Demencija je javnozdravstveni problem koji Äe postati sve vidljiviji kako stanovniÅ”tvo stari. Danas u svijetu živi 50 milijuna ljudi oboljelih od demencije, a procjenjuje se da Äe do 2030. broj oboljelih narasti na 65,7 milijuna, odnosno na 115,4 milijuna oboljelih do 2050. godine. Danas kada demenciju nastojimo dijagnosticirati Å”to ranije, bitno je oboljelima i njihovim obiteljima ponuditi kontinuirani i Å”to kvalitetniji program lijeÄenja i skrbi. U ovom radu željeli smo pokazati koji su glavni problemi vezani uz Alzheimerovu bolest i druge demencije u suvremenom svijetu, a bitno utjeÄu na život žena njegovatelja. Opisan je utjecaj na žene koje skrbe za ljude s demencijom u ulozi profesionalnog njegovatelja i na žene koje preuzimaju ulogu neformalnog njegovatelja osobe oboljele od demencije. Rano prepoznavanje emocionalnog stresa kod njegovatelja nužno je kako bi se uspjelo preventivno djelovati (savjetovanje, suportivna psihoterapija, kognitivno-bihevioralni tretman), te sprijeÄiti razvoj ili pogorÅ”anje
veÄ postojeÄih tjelesnih bolesti (npr. kardiovaskularnih), odnosno mentalnih poremeÄaja od kojih su, osim nesanice, najÄeÅ”Äi anksioznost i depresivnost.Dementia is a public health problem that will become more obvious as the population grows older. There are 50 million people with dementia in the world, and it is estimated that the number of people with dementia will rise to 65.7 million by 2030, and 115.4 million by 2050. At present, we are trying to diagnose dementia as early as possible, and it is important to offer patients and their families a continuous and high-quality program of treatment and care. In this article, we wanted to show the main problems connected with Alzheimerās disease and other dementias in the modern world which influence the lives of female caregivers. The influence on women who take care of people with dementia as professional caregivers, as well as women who take the role of an informal caregiver of a person with dementia has been described. Early recognition of emotional stress in caregivers is necessary for successful preventive actions (counselling, supportive
psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural treatment) and for preventing the development or worsening of already existing somatic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular), as well as mental disorders, among which, apart from insomnia, anxiety and depression are the most common forms
Cystic Fibrosis ā results of CFTR modulators in Croatia
CistiÄna fibroza najÄeÅ”Äa je nasljedna bolest, koja skraÄuje životni vijek, a uzrokuje je defekt u genu za transmembranski regulator provodljivosti cistiÄne fibroze (eng. cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator ā CFTR). PoremeÄena je homeostaza elektrolita, Å”to se oÄituje simptomima u viÅ”e organskih sustava. PluÄne manifestacije, s kroniÄnim infekcijama, upalom i, na kraju, respiratornim zatajenjem, ostaju i dalje najvažnija prijetnja životnom vijeku bolesnika. Do prije jednog desetljeÄa bilo je dostupno samo simptomatsko lijeÄenje. Od 2012. g. dostupno
je lijeÄenje tzv. modulatorima CFTR-proteina i njihovim kombinacijama za osobe s cistiÄnom fibrozom koje nose razliÄite varijante CFTR-gena. Pojavom tih lijekova uvelike se promijenila perspektiva i kvaliteta života ljudi s cistiÄnom fibrozom, ali postavljeni i novi izazovi u vezi s dugoroÄnim komplikacijama, pitanje eventualnog smanjenja konvencionalnog lijeÄenja, ali i financiranja terapije, koja je mnogim bolesnicima nedostupna. Iznesene su baziÄne spoznaje o cistiÄnoj fibrozi i funkciji CFTR-proteina, klasifikaciji varijanata CFTR-gena, moguÄnostima lijeÄenja CFTR-modulatorima te osnovni ishodi lijeÄenja bolesnika s cistiÄnom fibrozom u Hrvatskoj, gdje se ta terapija primjenjuje od jeseni 2021. godine.Cystic fibrosis, the most frequent lifespan shortening hereditary disease in Caucasians, is caused by a defect in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) gene. Disturbed electrolyte homeostasis leads to the development of different symptoms in multiple organs. Pulmonary manifestations with chronic infections and inflammation result in respiratory failure and remain the most important life-shortening factor. Until recently only symptomatic treatment was available. In year 2012. a new treatment approach with small molecules that modulate the CFTR protein was introduced. Different combinations of CFTR modulators are applicable to certain patients carrying different variants of the CFTR gene. CFTR modulators made a huge difference in the quality of life and perspectives of people with cystic fibrosis. At the same time, new challenges emerged regarding long term complications and possible reduction of conventional treatment options, as well as financial issues that are an obstacle
to the use of these drugs for many patients. This paper brings basic insight into cystic fibrosis, the function of CFTR protein, the classification of CFTR gene variants and possibilities of treatment with CFTR modulators as well as basic outcomes of CFTR modulators treatment in Croatia, where this therapy was introduced in autumn 2021
Uloga i važnost komunikacije u radu fizioterapeuta
U ovom zavrÅ”nom radu ukratko je opisana uloga i važnost komunikacije te metode kako se njome koristiti za uspjeÅ”niji rad fizioterapeuta s pacijentima. Uvodni dio rada bavi se definicijom komunikacije i njenom podjelom. Osnovna podjela komunikacije je na verbalnu i neverbalnu. U daljnjem tekstu razraÄena je tema komunikacije u zdravstvenom timu. RijeÄ je o njenoj važnosti u uspjeÅ”nom provoÄenju kvalitetne i cjelovite zdravstvene skrbi. Kao glavni dio ove teme opisuje se uloga i važnost komunikacije u radu fizioterapeuta, kako bi trebao izgledati odnos izmeÄu fizioterapeuta i pacijenta te koje su komunikacijske vjeÅ”tine bitne u unaprjeÄenju komunikacije u fizioterapiji. U zavrÅ”nom dijelu ovog rada opisat Äe se kakva je to uspjeÅ”na komunikacija izmeÄu fizioterapeuta i pacijenta te kako tu komunikaciju uÄinkovito koristiti u svakodnevnom radu s pacijentima i ostalim zdravstvenim djelatnicima