Street Art and Space

Various forms of street art, such as murals, anamorphic painting or urban interventions, become an important component of urban space. The paper examines examples of selected works of urban art in the context of space and its reception. These unexpected “events” entertain and educate. They become, on the one hand, a tourist attraction, and on the other hand, a major voice in the debate on the public nature of visual urban sphere. Although ephemeral and inconspicuous, usually reluctantly accepted by architects and urban planners, they successfully urge viewers to reflect on space and its existing functions

HIV-1 Tat Triggers Nuclear Localization of ZO-1 via Rho Signaling and cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Activation

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific protein trans-activator of transcription (Tat) can contribute to the dysfunction of brain endothelial cells and HIV trafficking into the brain by disrupting tight junction (TJ) integrity at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) level. Specific TJ proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO) proteins, localize not only at the cell–cell borders but are also present in the nuclei. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms and significance of Tat-induced nuclear localization of ZO-1. Treatment of a brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3 cells) with Tat resulted in a decrease in total levels of ZO-1 but significantly upregulated ZO-1 protein expression in the nuclei. In addition, exposure to Tat stimulated Rho signaling and induced phosphorylation and activity of transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), binding sites that have been identified in the proximal region of the ZO-1 promoter. Interestingly, inhibition of the Rho cascade protected against Tat-induced upregulation of ZO-1 in the nuclei and activation of CREB. Depletion of CREB by infection of cells with specific shRNA lentiviral particles attenuated both Tat-induced Rho signaling and nuclear targeting of ZO-1. A decrease in CREB levels also attenuated Tat-induced endothelial and BBB hyperpermeability as well as transendothelial migration of monocytic cells. The role of CREB in Tat-mediated alterations of ZO-1 was confirmed in brain microvessels in mice with CREB shRNA lentiviral particles injected into the cerebral circulation. The present results indicate the crucial role of Rho signaling and CREB in modulation of nuclear localization of ZO-1 and maintaining the integrity of endothelial monolayers

Manufactured Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Decrease Expression of Tight Junction Proteins in Brain Vasculature

Manufactured nanoparticles of aluminum oxide (nano-alumina) have been widely used in the environment; however, their potential toxicity provides a growing concern for human health. The present study focuses on the hypothesis that nano-alumina can affect the blood-brain barrier and induce endothelial toxicity. In the first series of experiments, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) were exposed to alumina and control nanoparticles in dose- and time-responsive manners. Treatment with nano-alumina markedly reduced HBMEC viability, altered mitochondrial potential, increased cellular oxidation, and decreased tight junction protein expression as compared to control nanoparticles. Alterations of tight junction protein levels were prevented by cellular enrichment with glutathione. In the second series of experiments, rats were infused with nano-alumina at the dose of 29 mg/kg and the brains were stained for expression of tight junction proteins. Treatment with nano-alumina resulted in a marked fragmentation and disruption of integrity of claudin-5 and occludin. These results indicate that cerebral vasculature can be affected by nano-alumina. In addition, our data indicate that alterations of mitochondrial functions may be the underlying mechanism of nano-alumina toxicity

The Idea of Sacrum in Polish Art of the 1980s

Polish art of the 1980s was in a period of transition from modernism to postmodernism. Theoretical debates and disputes concerning both of these terms and their interrelations are still going on. However, the goal of this article will be to portray the specific character of Polish art in the 1980s in relation to the problem of sacrum. Spiritual and metaphysical themes were present in post-war avant-garde work, but it was only in the art of the 1980s that there was a real explosion of interest in such ideas. The term sacrum is drawn from the phenomenology of religion, and means sanctity, a sphere of meeting deity with believer (sacer, sacra, sacrum in Latin – devoted to God)

Dual Place of Street Art – the City vs the Internet

Street art (or more broadly urban art), as the name suggests, has its own specific place, which is the street. However one would be mistaken to think that this type of art can only be seen there. Most street art lovers know the works of their favourite artists primarily through the Internet, not only because this kind of art is ephemeral or not easily accessible (for example, due to its dangerous or exotic locations), but because it is perhaps the best documented art that has been created in the world. For artists and lovers of street art, the Internet has become a common space to share photos. More often than not, the Internet also becomes the only place where artistic ideas exist. Paradoxically, such art, which was supposed to be the nearest to the viewer in the physical sense, has become the nearest in the virtual sense. One can, however, hope that neither consumers of art. nor artists will have to give up their direct experience of art that builds our polysensory sensitivity

Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier Resistance: Implications for Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Drug Brain Delivery

Drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has several challenges, especially toward targeting neurological diseases, due to tight and selective barrier function of the BBB. Several structural and functional components of this barrier contribute to restricting drug entry, such as interendothelial tight junctions (TJs), efflux transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and crosstalk between the cells of the neurovascular unit. Among different strategies to overcome BBB resistance to therapeutic drug delivery, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) gained attention in recent years. This review discusses the BBB structural and functional resistance, as well as potential avenues to overcome this challenge using EVs as drug delivery vehicles into the brain

TLR4 Signaling is Involved in Brain Vascular Toxicity of PCB153 Bound to Nanoparticles

PCBs bind to environmental particles; however, potential toxicity exhibited by such complexes is not well understood. The aim of the present study is to study the hypothesis that assembling onto nanoparticles can influence the PCB153-induced brain endothelial toxicity via interaction with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). To address this hypothesis, TLR4-deficient and wild type control mice (males, 10 week old) were exposed to PCB153 (5 ng/g body weight) bound to chemically inert silica nanoparticles (PCB153-NPs), PCB153 alone, silica nanoparticles (NPs; diameter, 20 nm), or vehicle. Selected animals were also subjected to 40 min ischemia, followed by a 24 h reperfusion. As compared to exposure to PCB153 alone, treatment with PCB153-NP potentiated the brain infarct volume in control mice. Importantly, this effect was attenuated in TLR4-deficient mice. Similarly, PCB153-NP-induced proinflammatory responses and disruption of tight junction integrity were less pronounced in TLR4-deficient mice as compared to control animals. Additional in vitro experiments revealed that TLR4 mediates toxicity of PCB153-NP via recruitment of tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The results of current study indicate that binding to seemingly inert nanoparticles increase cerebrovascular toxicity of PCBs and suggest that targeting the TLR4/TRAF6 signaling may protect against these effects

Tax optimization of individuals in the context of savings and investing money by bank deposits and T-bonds in Poland

Savings and investing money are key issues for personal finances, strongly corresponding to the economies of developed countries, where citizens have the opportunity not only to settle their liabilities on an ongoing basis from their income, but also to accumulate funds for future plans. They may be aimed at both savings and investment purposes, the degree of risk of which varies depending on the selection of the financial instrument. The paper focuses on the assessment of the profitability of deposits and treasury bonds, in relation to the preferences of Polish customers of commercial banks, under proposed changes in the limitation of capital gains tax