STRATEGI MEMOTIVASI PESERTA DIDIK PADA PEMBELAJARAN GEOGRAFI DI KELAS XI IPS SMAN 5 PONTIANAK

AbstractThis study aims to analyze the teacher's strategy in providing learning motivationto students of class XI IPS in geography lessons at SMAN 5 Pontianak. Theresearch method used is descriptive in the form of qualitative research. Sources ofdata in this study were a geography teacher and four students of class XI IPS. Thedata collection technique used was observation, interview, and documentationtechniques. The results of the study show the following findings: (1) The way theteacher prepares and delivers learning, namely preparing learning tools andlearning media, then taking attendance and conditioning the class so that learningcan begin immediately. The form of strategy used by the geography teacher so thatstudents are motivated to learn is by giving an overview of geography learning thatis in accordance with everyday life and choosing the right learning method. (2)The teacher's obstacle in motivating students is two factors, namely, internalfactors which are factors of the students themselves, such as a lack of awarenessthat learning is important. Then external factors, namely factors from outside,students become not concentrated on learning when there is another class thatdoes not have a teacher. In addition, the characteristics of different students arealso an obstacle for teachers to motivate students.Keywords: Teacher Strategies, Student Motivatio

HUBUNGAN KEBIASAAN MEROKOK DENGAN KAPASITAS VITAL PARU PADA PENAMBANG EMAS DI DESA TATELU KABUPATEN MINAHASA UATARA

Wilayah pertambangan di Desa Tatelu, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara diidentifikasi memiliki keterbatasan fasilitas penunjang pertambangan, fasilitas bagi penambang serta keterbatasan tenaga ahli. Hal tersebut dapat menjadi salah satu faktor terjadinya eksploitasi lingkungan berlebih dan menyebabkan timbuknya risiko terjadinya Kecelakaan Akibat Kerja (KAK) dan Penyakit Akibat Kerja (PAK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kapasitas vital paru pada penambang emas di Desa Tatelu, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Penelitian berjenis kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari penelitian yang dilakukan Pangkorung (2018). Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah kebiasaan merokok, sementara variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah kapasitas vital paru. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SPSS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan p value = 0,0431 < α = 0,05 yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dan kapasitas vital paru. Paparan asap rokok menyebabkan gangguan pada aliran pernafasan sehingga menyebabkan kapasitas vital paru tidak normal. Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas pekerja memiliki kapasitas vital paru yang tidak normal atau mengalami gangguan. Kondisi tersebut perlu menjadi perhatian pemerintah daerah dalam melakukan sosialisasi dan meningkatkan akses fasilitas kesehatan. Kata Kunci:Pertambangan, Kapasitas Vital Paru, Kebiasaan Merokok. ABSTRACT The mining area in Tatelu Village, North Minahasa Regency has been identified as having limited mining supporting facilities, facilities for miners and limited experts. It can be a factor in the overexploitation of the environment and lead to the risk of occupational accidents and occupational diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between smoking habits and the vital lung capacity of gold miners in Tatelu Village, North Minahasa Regency. This type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional design. This study uses secondary data from research conducted by Pangkorung (2018). The independent variable in this study was smoking habits, while the dependent variable in this study was the lungs' vital capacity. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results of this study indicate p-value = 0.0431 <α = 0.05, which indicates that there is a relationship between smoking habits and lung vital capacity. Exposure to cigarette smoke disrupts the flow of breath, causing abnormal lung vital capacity. The results of this study indicate that the majority of workers have abnormal lung vital capacity or experience disorders. This condition needs to be the attention of local governments in conducting socialization and improving access to health facilities. Keywords: Mining, Lung Vital Capacity, Smoking Behavio

Altered CD94/NKG2A and perforin expression reduce the cytotoxic activity in malignant pleural effusions

CD94/NKG2A is an inhibitory receptor expressed by NK cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes and, upon activation by HLA-E, downregulates the cytolytic activities of these cells thus representing a tumour immune escape mechanism. This study was aimed at assessing whether cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+) and NK cells from malignant pleural effusions have a deregulated expression of CD94/NKG2A. The expression of membrane CD94/NKG2A and perforin was evaluated by flow-cytometry in CD8+ and NK cells from pleural effusions and autologous peripheral blood of cancer (n=19) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (n=11) patients. Intracellular CD94/NKG2A expression was evaluated by flow-cytometry in pleural effusion CD8+ and NK cells from cancer patients (n=10). Cytotoxic activity against cancer cells exerted by pleural and autologous peripheral blood T lymphocytes from cancer patients was assessed by flow-cytometry assay. Pleural CD8+ from cancer patients showed a reduced expression of membrane CD94/NKG2A and perforin when compared to autologous peripheral blood and CHF pleural effusions. Reduced numbers of NK cells were present in pleural effusions from both cancer and CHF patients. Pleural NK from cancer patients showed a reduced expression of membrane CD94/NKG2A and perforin when compared to autologous peripheral blood. Pleural T lymphocytes from cancer patients exhibited a reduced cytotoxic activity against cancer cells when compared to autologous peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The intracellular expression of CD94/NKG2A in CD8+ and NK cells from cancer patients was higher than membrane expression. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidences of new mechanisms underlying the reduced host defence against cancer within the pleural space

Ignorable dropout in . . .

This paper provides a concise definition for ignorable dropout. This is done primarily from a frequentist perspective. The definition of ignorable dropout depends on both the population of inference and the type of statistical methodology used for inference. Different types of dropouts are described and compared to those found in the literature. Ignorability conditions are then given for the following types of inference: Likelihood-base