Antimicrobial Amino-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Eliminating Multidrug-Resistant Species in Dual-Modality Photodynamic Therapy and Bioimaging under Two-Photon Excitation

Developing a nanomaterial, for use in highly efficient dual-modality two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT) involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and for use as a two-photon imaging contrast probe, is currently desirable. Here, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doped with nitrogen and functionalized with an amino group (amino-N-GQDs) serving as a photosensitizer in PDT had the superior ability to generate ROS as compared to unmodified GQDs. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) species were completely eliminated at an ultralow energy (239.36 nJ pixel^–1) through only 12 s two-photon excitation (TPE) in the near-infrared region (800 nm). Furthermore, the amino-N-GQDs had an absorption wavelength of approximately 800 nm, quantum yield of 0.33, strong luminescence, an absolute cross section of approximately 54 356 Göeppert–Mayer units, a lifetime of 1.09 ns, a ratio of the radiative to nonradiative decay rates of approximately 0.49, and high two-photon stability under TPE. These favorable properties enabled the amino-N-GQDs to act as a two-photon contrast probe for tracking and localizing analytes through in-depth two-photon imaging in a three-dimensional biological environment and concurrently easily eliminating MDR species through PDT

Clinicopathologic factors according to operative experience.

<p>Clinicopathologic factors according to operative experience.</p

The learning curve of endoscopic total mastectomy.

<p>Both hospitals (a) TMUH and (b) CCH have the similar learning curve.</p

The learning curve of endoscopic partial mastectomy in TMUH.

<p>The learning curve of endoscopic partial mastectomy in TMUH.</p

The relationship between clinical factors and the operative experience.

<p>The relationship between clinical factors and the operative experience.</p

Learning group and mature group.

<p>Total 203 patients received an endoscopic mastectomy and 134 unilateral total mastectomy patients were divided into learning group and mature group.</p

Endoscopic mastectomy.

<p>(a) periareolar and axillary incision; (b) the dissected breast tissue; (c) immediate reconstruction with jelly implant (right side is another biopsy for benign fibroadenoma). It has the benefits of smaller incisions, no oncologic compromise, and good cosmetic outcomes.</p

MOESM1 of Graphene oxide conjugated with polymers: a study of culture condition to determine whether a bacterial growth stimulant or an antimicrobial agent?

Additional file 1: Figure S1. FTIR spectra. Figure S2. FTIR spectra. Figure S3. The oxidation of GSH by GO sheets and GO-based materials. Figure S4. The ROS assays. Table S1. Instruments with different functions are used to characterize materials. Figure S5. The mean lateral size