4,422 research outputs found
Constraining the Mass of the Photon with Gamma-Ray Bursts
One of the cornerstones of modern physics is Einstein's special relativity,
with its constant speed of light and zero photon mass assumptions. Constraint
on the rest mass m_{\gamma} of photons is a fundamental way to test Einstein's
theory, as well as other essential electromagnetic and particle theories. Since
non-zero photon mass can give rise to frequency-(or energy-) dependent
dispersions, measuring the time delay of photons with different frequencies
emitted from explosive astrophysical events is an important and
model-independent method to put such a constraint. The cosmological gamma-ray
bursts (GRBs), with short time scales, high redshifts as well as broadband
prompt and afterglow emissions, provide an ideal testbed for m_{\gamma}
constraints. In this paper we calculate the upper limits of the photon mass
with GRB early time radio afterglow observations as well as multi-band radio
peaks, thus improve the results of Schaefer (1999) by nearly half an order of
magnitude.Comment: 25 pages, 2 tables, Accepted by Journal of High Energy Astrophysic
A Comparative Study on Spin-Orbit Torque Efficiencies from W/ferromagnetic and W/ferrimagnetic Heterostructures
It has been shown that W in its resistive form possesses the largest
spin-Hall ratio among all heavy transition metals, which makes it a good
candidate for generating efficient dampinglike spin-orbit torque (DL-SOT)
acting upon adjacent ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic (FM) layer. Here we provide
a systematic study on the spin transport properties of W/FM magnetic
heterostructures with the FM layer being ferromagnetic
CoFeB or ferrimagnetic CoTb with
perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The DL-SOT efficiency , which is
characterized by a current-induced hysteresis loop shift method, is found to be
correlated to the microstructure of W buffer layer in both
W/CoFeB and W/CoTb systems. Maximum values
of and are achieved when
the W layer is partially amorphous in the W/CoFeB and
W/CoTb heterostructures, respectively. Our results suggest that
the spin Hall effect from resistive phase of W can be utilized to effectively
control both ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic layers through a DL-SOT mechanism
A Comparative Study for 2D and 3D Computer-aided Diagnosis Methods for Solitary Pulmonary Nodules
Many computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods, including 2D and 3D approaches, have been proposed for solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). However, the detection and diagnosis of SPNs remain challenging in many clinical circumstances. One goal of this work is to investigate the relative diagnostic accuracy of 2D and 3D methods. An additional goal is to develop a two-stage approach that combines the simplicity of 2D and the accuracy of 3D methods. The experimental results show statistically significant differences between the diagnostic accuracy of 2D and 3D methods. The results also show that with a very minor drop in diagnostic performance the two-stage approach can significantly reduce the number of nodules needed to be processed by the 3D method, streamlining the computational demand
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