Intellectual style theories:different types of categorizations and their relevance for practitioners

In the 20th century, a large number of psychological theories of intellectual styles were developed. Different reviews mention up to 71 theories of style. In the last 25 years, several suggestions as to how theories of styles may be divided into categories and fields of focus have been offered. Theorists and researchers disagree about the criteria on which categorizations should be based, and about which theories fulfill these criteria. Such disagreements are fruitful at a theoretical level, but also have negative consequences for the intended fields of application of the style theories and the associated instruments for measuring styles, because practitioners seeking the theory and instrument best suited for their intended use/application simply cannot find their way through the jungle of disagreements. The present study seeks to reduce the confusion for practitioners seeking to employ styles, by developing a taxonomy of categorizations of style theories in which all style theories can be placed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-737) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Markering af gender på tyrkisk

This article analyzes the role of gender in the Turkish language in relation to gender roles and normativity of the male gender in translation of Turkish text. Since Turkish has no grammatical gender it is interesting to investigate what other ways gender is detected and understood in Turkish. The method used is an online questionnaire with two different assignments: one assignment is a translation assignment where the informants were to translate a Turkish text into English. The sentences used were originally gender neutral, but in the translation into English it was necessary to choose between ‘he’ or ‘she’ or alternatively a gender-neutral term such as ‘they’ for the third person singular in Turkish. The other assignment was an addressing assignment where the informants had to decide how to address different people in occupations or other more neutral functions such as “How would you address ‘a person’?”. The results are that there is a ‘male-as-norm’-principle that was evident in the translations of the Turkish text into English and that certain characteristics are attributed to being either male or female characteristics. This relates to the gender belief system that was evident in the addressing assignment that shows that certain occupations were assumed to be occupied by either males or females.This article analyzes the role of gender in the Turkish language in relation to gender roles and normativity of the male gender in translation of Turkish text. Since Turkish has no grammatical gender it is interesting to investigate what other ways gender is detected and understood in Turkish. The method used is an online questionnaire with two different assignments: one assignment is a translation assignment where the informants were to translate a Turkish text into English. The sentences used were originally gender neutral, but in the translation into English it was necessary to choose between ‘he’ or ‘she’ or alternatively a gender-neutral term such as ‘they’ for the third person singular in Turkish. The other assignment was an addressing assignment where the informants had to decide how to address different people in occupations or other more neutral functions such as “How would you address ‘a person’?”. The results are that there is a ‘male-as-norm’-principle that was evident in the translations of the Turkish text into English and that certain characteristics are attributed to being either male or female characteristics. This relates to the gender belief system that was evident in the addressing assignment that shows that certain occupations were assumed to be occupied by either males or females