Military healthcare system mitigates racial disparities for severe maternal morbidity from preeclampsiaAJOG Global Reports at a Glance

BACKGROUND: In the United States, Black women die at 2.5 times the rate of White women and 3.5 times the rate of Hispanic women. These racial health care disparities have been largely attributed to access to health care and other social determinants of health. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that the Military healthcare system models universal health care access seen in other developed countries and should equalize these rates. STUDY DESIGN: Delivery data from 41 Military treatment facilities across the Department of Defense (Army, Air Force, and Navy) including over 36,000 deliveries from 2019 to 2020 were compiled in a convenience dataset through the National Perinatal Information Center. After aggregation, the parameters of percent of deliveries complicated by Severe Maternal Morbidity and percent of severe maternal morbidity secondary to pre-eclampsia with and without transfusion were calculated. Risk ratios were calculated by race for the resulting summary data. American Indian/Alaska Native were excluded because of limited total number deliveries preventing statistical analyses. RESULTS: Overall, the risk of severe maternal morbidity was increased among Black women compared to White women. The risk of severe maternal morbidity related to pre-eclampsia showed no significant difference among races with or without transfusion. When other races were set as reference group, there was a significant difference for White women, suggesting a protective effect. CONCLUSION: Although women of color still experience overall severe maternal morbidity at higher rates than their White counterparts, TRICARE may have equalized the risk of severe maternal morbidity for deliveries complicated by pre-eclampsia

Increased maternal morbidity and mortality among Asian American and Pacific Islander women in the military health systemAJOG MFM at a Glance

BACKGROUND: Rates of maternal morbidity and mortality experienced by women in the United States have been shown to vary significantly by race, most commonly attributed to differences in access to healthcare and socioeconomic status. Recent data showed that Asian Pacific Islanders have the highest rate of maternal morbidity despite having a higher socioeconomic status. In the military, women of all races are granted equal access to healthcare, irrespective of socioeconomic class. We hypothesized that within the military, there would be no racial disparities in maternal outcomes because of universal healthcare. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate if universal access to healthcare, as seen in the military healthcare system, leads to similar rates of maternal morbidity regardless of racial or ethnic background. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of data from the National Perinatal Information Center reports obtained from participating military treatment facilities from April 2019 to March 2020 and included 34,025 deliveries. We compared racial differences in the incidence of each of the following 3 outcomes: postpartum hemorrhage, severe maternal morbidity among women with postpartum hemorrhage including transfusion, and severe maternal morbidity among women with postpartum hemorrhage excluding transfusion. RESULTS: A total of 41 military treatment facilities (a list of participating military treatment facilities are provided in the Appendix) provided data that were included. There was an increased rate of postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–2.07), severe maternal morbidity including transfusion (relative risk, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.61), and severe maternal morbidity excluding transfusion (relative risk, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.8) among Asian Pacific Islander women when compared with Black or White women. CONCLUSION: Even with equal access to healthcare in the military, Asian Pacific Islander women experience statistically significant increased rates of postpartum hemorrhage and severe maternal morbidity excluding transfusion when compared with Black or White women. The increased rates of severe maternal morbidity including transfusion were not statistically significant

Differentially co‐expressed myofibre transcripts associated with abnormal myofibre proportion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BackgroundSkeletal muscle dysfunction is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alterations in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression, with reduced type I and increased type II myosin heavy chain expression, are associated with COPD severity when studied in largely male cohorts. The objectives of this study were (1) to define an abnormal myofibre proportion phenotype in both males and females with COPD and (2) to identify transcripts and transcriptional networks associated with abnormal myofibre proportion in COPD.MethodsForty-six participants with COPD were assessed for body composition, strength, endurance and pulmonary function. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were assayed for fibre-type distribution and cross-sectional area via immunofluorescence microscopy and RNA-sequenced to generate transcriptome-wide gene expression data. Sex-stratified k-means clustering of type I and IIx/IIax fibre proportions was used to define abnormal myofibre proportion in participants with COPD and contrasted with previously defined criteria. Single transcripts and weighted co-expression network analysis modules were tested for correlation with the abnormal myofibre proportion phenotype.ResultsAbnormal myofibre proportion was defined in males with COPD (n = 29) as <18% type I and/or >22% type IIx/IIax fibres and in females with COPD (n = 17) as <36% type I and/or >12% type IIx/IIax fibres. Half of the participants with COPD were classified as having an abnormal myofibre proportion. Participants with COPD and an abnormal myofibre proportion had lower median handgrip strength (26.1 vs. 34.0 kg, P = 0.022), 6-min walk distance (300 vs. 353 m, P = 0.039) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s-to-forced vital capacity ratio (0.42 vs. 0.48, P = 0.041) compared with participants with COPD and normal myofibre proportions. Twenty-nine transcripts were associated with abnormal myofibre proportions in participants with COPD, with the upregulated NEB, TPM1 and TPM2 genes having the largest fold differences. Co-expression network analysis revealed that two transcript modules were significantly positively associated with the presence of abnormal myofibre proportions. One of these co-expression modules contained genes classically associated with muscle atrophy, as well as transcripts associated with both type I and type II myofibres, and was enriched for genetic loci associated with bone mineral density.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that there are significant transcriptional alterations associated with abnormal myofibre proportions in participants with COPD. Transcripts canonically associated with both type I and type IIa fibres were enriched in a co-expression network associated with abnormal myofibre proportion, suggesting altered transcriptional regulation across multiple fibre types