9 research outputs found
ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE AND (TECHNOLOGICAL DIGITAL) ARBITRATION
Rad u prvom dijelu analizira pravnu prirodu umjetne inteligencije. Za sada umjetna inteligencija se može odrediti iskljuÄivo kao naÄin poduzimanja radnje njezinog vlasnika ili korisnika, a s obzirom da nije moguÄe konstruirati pravnu osobnost umjetne inteligencije. Analizom digitalne tehnologije zakljuÄuje se postojanje nekoliko tipova tehnoloÅ”ke digitalne arbitraže, i to: elektroniÄkaā arbitraža,; arbitraža umjetne inteligencije unutar tradicionalnog pristupa arbitraži; arbitraža po umjetnoj inteligenciji u kojoj umjetna inteligencija ima ovlaÅ”tenje i prerogative arbitra; āOff Chainā blockchain arbitraža i āOn Chainā blockchain arbitraža. U tipizaciji arbitraže uspostavljen je odnos arbitraže s pametnim ugovorima i blockchain tehnologiji. ZavrÅ”no se postavlja hipotetska arbitražna klauzula u korist umjetne inteligencije kao arbitra u danaÅ”njoj regulaciji Republike Hrvatske te analizira njezina valjanost i primjenjivost u praksi.In this paper the legal nature of artificial intelligence (AI) is analysed. So far, artificial intelligence may be defined solely and exclusively as a way of taking actions by its owner or user, since it is not possible for artificial intelligence to have legal personality. In analysing digital technology, several types of technological digital arbitration are provided including: āelectronicā arbitration; artificial intelligence arbitration within the traditional approach to arbitration; AI-arbitration in which artificial intelligence has the authority and prerogatives of the arbitrator; off-chain block-chain arbitration and on-chain block-chain arbitration. In the characterization of arbitration, the relationship between arbitration and smart contracts and block-chain
technology is established. Finally, a hypothetical arbitration clause is set up in favour of artificial intelligence as an arbitrator in the current legislation of the Republic of Croatia by providing an analysis of the validity of such claus
ELECTRONIC AGENT
U radu se daje prikaz regulacije elektroniÄkog agenta kao jednog od Äistih oblika elektroniÄke komunikacije - naÄina za sklapanje ugovora elektroniÄkim putem. S obzirom na nepostojanje regulacije elektroniÄkog agenta u Europi te Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj, autor
daje prikaz regulative SAD-a kao paradigmatiÄnog pravnog izvora. Analizira se razlika u shvaÄanjima propisa SAD-a i kontinentalnih prava oko oÄitovanja volje, odnosno analizira razlika izmeÄu oÄitovanja volje i manifestacije volje te njihov utjecaj na sklapanje ugovora
putem elektroniÄkog agenta. Razmatra se postajanje te naÄin iskazivanja volje pri sklapanju ugovora putem elektroniÄkog egenta, kao i potreba za objektivnim tumaÄenjem volje, odnosno manifestacije volje koju iskazuje elektroniÄki agent, a za osobu za Äije ime i za Äiji raÄun
nastupa u pravnom prometu. TakoÄer se razmatra regulativa ovog podruÄja u sklopu nacionaolnog Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Sugerira se minimalni pravni zahvat u nacionalnu regulativu kako bi se osigurala pravna sigurnost koriÅ”tenja elektroniÄkog agenta u praksi.The present paper provides an overview of the regulation concerning the electronic agent as a pure form of electronic communication for the formation of contracts by electronic means. Due to the nonexistence of regulation on the electronic agent in Europe, in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatioa, the author provides an overview of the regulation of the USA as a paradigmatic source of law. The difference in the understanding of the regulations in the USA and continental law is analyzed with respect to the manifestation of intent, i.e. the difference in the expression of will and manifestation of intent and their impact on contract formation via an electronic agent. Consideration is also given to the existence of intent and the way intent to conclude a contract is expressed via an electronic agent as well as the need for an objective
interpretation of intent, i.e. the manifestation of intent expressed by an electronic agent and this for such person in whose name and for whose account the legal transaction is being performed. The regulations of this area are also considered within the scope of the national Law of Obligations. A minimal change of regulatory framework is suggested in order to ensure legal certainty in the use of the electronic agent in practice
FormularvertrƤge in elektronischer Form(Vertragsschluss per Maus-Klick ā durch elektronische WillenserklƤrung im Internet auf einer Webseite ā Click wrap und Browse wrap-VertrƤge)
Klik miÅ”em na web stranici vrlo je Äest oblik oÄitovanja volje. To je po svojoj pravnoj prirodi znak kojim se izriÄito i jasno oÄituje volja za sklapanje ugovora. Klikom miÅ”a sklapaju se formularni ugovori u elektroniÄkom obliku. Dva tipa ugovora koji se sklapaju na taj naÄin su click wrap ugovor i browse wrap ugovor. Oba su ugovora zapravo podvrste adhezijskih ugovora. Click wrap je ugovor koji se skapa na web stranici elektroniÄkim putem i u elektroniÄkom obliku, u kojem kupac, odnosno ponuÄeni, prihvaÄa u potpunosti ponudu ponuditelja uz uvjet da je kupac pregledao (Å”to ne znaÄi da ga je uistinu i proÄitao) cjelokupni tekst adhezijskog ugovora. Kod browse wrap ugovora od pristupatelja se unaprijed implicitno pretpostavlja da se slaže s uvjetima i odredbama tog ugovora samim time Å”to pretražuje web stranicu na kojoj sklapa ugovor (primarna stranica), bez obzira na to pregledava li i/ili ulazi li na web stranicu koja sadržava spomenute uvjete (sekundarna stranica). Oba tipa ugovora prihvaÄena su u cijelom svijetu, a za njihovu se valjanost postavljaju manje-viÅ”e standardizirani uvjeti, koji se odnose na posebnost elektroniÄkog oblika odnosno elektroniÄkog naÄina sklapanja ugovora.A click of a mouse on a web page is a very common form of manifestation of will. In its legal nature it is a sign which expressly and clearly manifests the willingness to make a contract. Formulary contracts in the electronic form are made by a click of the mouse. Two types of contracts which are made in this way are the click wrap contract and the browse wrap contract. Both are subcategories of adhesion contracts. Click wrap is a contract made electronically on the web page in the electronic form in which the purchaser, or the offeree, accepts the offer as a whole under the condition that the purchaser has seen (which does not mean s/he has actually read) the integral text of the adhesion contract. In the case of browse wrap contract, it is implied in advance that the party agrees with conditions and regulations of a browse wrap contract by the fact that s/he searches the web page on which the contract is made (primary page) regardless of whether s/he browses or/and enters the WEB page which contains the above mentioned conditions (secondary page). Both types of contract have been accepted world-wide, and there are more or less standardised conditions for their validity related to the specific character of the electronic form, or electronic method of contract making.Der Maus-Klick auf einer Webseite ist eine sehr hƤufige Form der WillenserklƤrung. Seiner rechtlichen Natur nach ist er ein Zeichen, das ausdrĆ¼cklich und klar jemandes Willen bekundet, einen Vertrag einzugehen. Per Maus-Klick werden FormularvertrƤge in elektronischer Form abgeschlossen. Die beiden auf diese Weise zustande kommenden Vertragstypen sind der Click wrap-Vertrag und der Browse wrap-Vertrag, die beide im Grunde eine Unterart des AdhƤsionsvertrags darstellen. Der Click wrap-Vertrag wird auf elektronischem Wege und in elektronischer Form auf der Webseite geschlossen und bedeutet, dass der KƤufer beziehungsweise der Adressat des Angebots das Angebot des Anbieters unter der Bedingung, dass der KƤufer den Gesamttext des AdhƤsionsvertrags durchgesehen hat (was nicht gleichzusetzen ist mit ādurchgelesenā), komplett akzeptiert. Bei Browse wrap- VertrƤgen wird Ć¼ber den Annehmenden implizit angenommen, dass er die Bedingungen und Bestimmungen des Browse wrap-Vertrags allein dadurch akzeptiert hat, dass er die Webseite, auf welcher der Vertrag geschlossen wird (PrimƤrseite) durchsucht, unabhƤngig davon, ob er die die erwƤhnten Bedingungen enthaltende Webseite (SekundƤrseite) durchsucht und/oder besucht hat. Beide Vertragstypen genieĆen in der ganzen Welt Akzeptanz. FĆ¼r ihre Wirksamkeit gelten im GroĆen und Ganzen Standardbedingungen, die sich auf die Besonderheit der elektronischen Form beziehungsweise des elektronischen Vertragsschlusses beziehen
Elektronische VertrƤge und Urkunden - Eine neue Form?
Razmatra se odnos isprave ispisane na papiru i one koju je moguÄe percipirati samo uporabom odgovarajuÄih tehnoloÅ”kih naprava odnosno one u elektroniÄkom obliku. Prikazuje se zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske koje se može odnositi na ovo podruÄje, kao i propisi EU i SAD. Daju se terminoloÅ”ka razjaÅ”njenja pojmova elektroniÄkog oblika, elektroniÄkog zapisa i elektroniÄkog kao takvog te posebno s odnosu na englesku i hrvatsku pravnu terminologiju. Daje se definicija elektroniÄkog obzirom. Analizira se odnos elektroniÄkog oblika i tradicionalnog pisanog oblika te uspostavlja definirani i odreÄeni odnos izmeÄu njih.The form is an external manifestation of certain content. Legal transactions are divided into formal and informal. Formal, as a rule a written form on paper, was indisputable and defined in practice and theory until the occurrence of the electronic form. The electronic form is by its format significantly different from all legal transactions known so far and the question arises whether as such it represents a special new form or whether it actually fits into some traditional frameworks of known forms of legal transactions. After the analysis of Croatian legislation which may refer to the area of electronic commerce, relevant legislation of the EU, as well as the legislation of the USA which regulates this matter, it is concluded that the electronic form is more and more the object of regulation and that it is therefore necessary to determine its position within the frameworks of both practice and doctrine.
The electronic form is defined as the (electronic) record made by the appropriate device (computer) with the use of an appropriate /computer/ programme in the appropriate medium (hard disk, diskette, CD, CD Rom, magnetic tape and similar) which may be read, i.e. presented in the perceptive form on the screen of the appropriate device (computer) and only by its use and by the use of the appropriate programme it may be, at any time, printed on paper by the use of another device (printer) and the appropriate programme and presented as a traditional written document. It must be possible, as a rule, to transmit such a record by means of the Internet or another corresponding network, but it may also be transmittable by some other traditional ways of the transmission of messages. Therefore, the relation between the electronic form and the traditional written form shows that it may be a transitional form in relation to the traditional written paper form, but it need not.
The electronic form may be considered as only one of the forms of written expression which can be read and written by means of special devices (the extent of its use would include the elements of the term of electronic literacy of the members of a certain society), while the question of what is considered to be written is the matter of the legal standard of the time. We apparently live in the transitional period of time when the old standard in writing has not been abandoned yet, and the new one has not been fully accepted.Die Form stellt die ƤuĆere Manifestation eines bestimmten Inhalts dar. Die RechtsgeschƤfte werden in formgebundene und formfreie RechtsgeschƤfte aufgeteilt. Die formgebundenen RechtsgeschƤfte, in der Regel in Schriftform auf Papier abgefasst, waren bis zur Erscheinung der elektronischen Form in Praxis und Theorie unzweideutig definiert. Die elektronische Form unterscheidet sich jedoch ihrer Erscheinungsform nach bedeutend von allen bisher bekannten Formen der RechtsgeschƤfte und es stellt sich die Frage, ob sie an sich eine spezifische neue Form darstellt oder ob sie eigentlich zu den traditionellen Formen der RechtsgeschƤfte gehƶrt. Nach der Analyse kroatischer Vorschriften, die sich auf den Bereich des elektronischen Handels beziehen, der Analyse entsprechender Vorschriften der EU sowie der Vorschriften der Vereinigten Staaten, die diese Materie regeln, kommt der Autor zum Schluss, dass die elektronische Form immer hƤufiger zum Gegenstand gesetzlicher Regelung wird und es daher notwendig ist, ihre Stellung in Theorie und Praxis zu bestimmen.
Die elektronische Form wird als eine (elektronische) Niederschrift definiert, die durch eine entsprechende elektronische Rechenanlage unter Einsatz eines entsprechenden computergesteuerten Programms auf dem entsprechenden Medium (Harddisk, Diskette, CD, CDROM, Magnetband u. a.) erfolgt und auf dem Monitor der entsprechenden Rechenanlage (Computer) nur unter Verwendung derselben Anlage und des entsprechenden Programms gelesen bzw. wahrgenommen und jederzeit unter Einsatz einer anderen entsprechenden Anlage (Drucker) und eines entsprechenden Programms gedruckt und als traditionelle schriftliche Urkunde dargestellt werden kann, und zwar unter der Bedingung, dass die Niederschrift den Parteien per Internet oder ein anderes entsprechendes Netz Ć¼bermittelt oder auf eine andere traditionelle Art der BotschaftsĆ¼bermittlung zugestellt wird. Wenn also die elektronische Form mit der traditionellen Schriftform verglichen wird, kann sie zwar als eine Ćbergangsform zur traditionellen Schriftform betrachtet werden, doch muss dies nicht der Fall sein. Die elektronische Form kann als eine der Formen der schriftlichen Ausdrucksweise betrachtet werden, die mit Hilfe spezieller Anlagen (deren breite Verwendung von der elektronischen Alphabetisierung einer bestimmten Gesellschaft abhƤngt) gelesen und schriftlich fixiert werden kann. Was unter āschriftlichā zu verstehen ist, hƤngt jedoch von den Rechtsstandards im jeweiligen Zeitraum ab. Anscheinend leben wir in einer Ćbergangszeit, in der die alten Standards noch nicht aufgegeben, die neuen aber noch nicht zur GƤnze angenommen wurde
CLINICAL CHALLENGES IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS AND CANNABIS USE: MINI-REVIEW AND A CASE STUDY
The influence of cannabis use on the occurrence, clinical course and the treatment of the first psychotic episode (FEP) is well
documented. However, the exact link is still not clearly established. The aim of this article is to review and report the noticed
increase in the number of hospitalizations of young people with a clinical appearance of severe psychotic decompensation following
cannabis consumption and to show the clinical challenges in treatment of the FEP. The case study describes the clinical course of a
five selected patients with a diagnosis of the FEP and positive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) urine test who were hospitalized in a
similar pattern of events. They all have a history of cannabis consumption for at least 6 years in continuity and were presented with
severe psychomotor agitation, disorganisation, confusion and aggression at admission. Although the chosen drug to treat all patients
was atypical antipsychotic and benzodiazepines, the course of the disorder and the clinical response to therapy were noticeably
different in each patient. The clinical presentation of FEP in cannabis users can be atypical and highly unpredictable from mild
psychotic symptoms to severe substance intoxication delirium. In clinical practice clinicians treating new onset psychosis need to be
watchful for cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids induced psychosis. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions include prompt and
adequate use of the benzodiazepine, second-generation antipsychotic, and mood-stabilizers. Further research in the pharmacotherapy
of cannabis-induced psychosis is required
EFFICACY OF CENTER FOR INTEGRATIVE PSYCHIATRY MULTIMODAL EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES IN EARLY-PHASE PSYCHOSIS ON HOSPITAL READMISSION
Background: Growing body of evidence has opened new opportunities to enhance treatment outcomes during early-phase
psychosis (EPP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Centre for integrative psychiatry (CIP) multimodal
Early Intervention Services (EIS) on time to relapse in the patients with early-phase psychosis (EPP) during 12 and 24 month period.
Subject and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on the sample of 454 EPP patients (duration of the diagnosed
disorder ā¤5 years) admitted to Psychiatric Hospital āSveti Ivanā, Zagreb Croatia, from January 2, 2015, to December 5, 2018, for
the acute treatment of EPP. The end of follow up was March 5, 2019. The primary outcome was the time to rehospitalization because
of relapse during the 12 months from the hospital discharge. Independent variable was the EIS.
Results: We analyzed 454 EPP patients, 260 in EIS group and 194 in no EIS group. After the adjustment for twenty possible
confounding factors using the Cox proportional hazard regression, patients who received EIS had significantly and clinically
relevantly lower hazard for rehospitalization because of relapse during the first 12 months (HR=0.39; CI95% 0.21-0.61; p<0.001),
and during the first 24 months from the hospital discharge (HR=0.56; CI95% 0.39-0.80; p=0.003; sequential Holm-Bonferroni
corrected pcorr=0.004).
Conclusions: Our study indicated efficacy of the CIP multimodal EIS in patients with EPP demonstrated through the time to the
hospital readmission because of relapse during the 12 and 24 months from the hospital discharge. These results strongly support the
need for implementation of multimodal EIS in all patients with EPP
Lower Limits of Contact Resistance in Phosphorene Nanodevices with Edge Contacts
Edge contacts are promising for improving carrier injection and contact resistance in devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials, among which monolayer black phosphorus (BP), or phosphorene, is especially attractive for device applications. Cutting BP into phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs) widens the design space for BP devices and enables high-density device integration. However, little is known about contact resistance (RC) in PNRs with edge contacts, although RC is the main performance limiter for 2D material devices. Atomistic quantum transport simulations are employed to explore the impact of attaching metal edge contacts (MECs) on the electronic and transport properties and contact resistance of PNRs. We demonstrate that PNR length downscaling increases RC to 192 Ω µm in 5.2 nm-long PNRs due to strong metallization effects, while width downscaling decreases the RC to 19 Ω µm in 0.5 nm-wide PNRs. These findings illustrate the limitations on PNR downscaling and reveal opportunities in the minimization of RC by device sizing. Moreover, we prove the existence of optimum metals for edge contacts in terms of minimum metallization effects that further decrease RC by ~30%, resulting in lower intrinsic quantum limits to RC of ~90 Ω µm in phosphorene and ~14 Ω µm in ultra-narrow PNRs