3,282 research outputs found

    A Catalogue of Mayan glyphs: A Study in information design

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    Évaluation des compĂ©tences en laparoscopie : comparaison de la fiabilitĂ© des outils d’évaluation globale et des outils d’évaluation de la confiance

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    Background: Competence by design (CBD) residency programs increasingly depend on tools that provide reliable assessments, require minimal rater training, and measure progression through the CBD milestones. To assess intraoperative skills, global rating scales and entrustability ratings are commonly used but may require extensive training.  The Competency Continuum (CC) is a CBD framework that may be used as an assessment tool to assess laparoscopic skills. The study aimed to compare the CC to two other assessment tools: the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and the Zwisch scale. Methods: Four expert surgeons rated thirty laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos. Two raters used the GOALS scale while the remaining two raters used both the Zwisch scale and CC. Each rater received scale-specific training. Descriptive statistics, inter-rater reliabilities (IRR), and Pearson’s correlations were calculated for each scale. Results: Significant positive correlations between GOALS and Zwisch (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), CC and GOALS (r = 0.79, p < 0.001), and CC and Zwisch (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) were found. The CC had an inter-rater reliability of 0.74 whereas the GOALS and Zwisch scales had inter-rater reliabilities of 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Compared to GOALS and Zwisch scales, the CC had the highest inter-rater reliability and required minimal rater training to achieve reliable scores. Conclusion: The CC may be a reliable tool to assess intraoperative laparoscopic skills and provide trainees with formative feedback relevant to the CBD milestones. Further research should collect further validity evidence for the use of the CC as an independent assessment tool.Contexte : Les programmes de rĂ©sidence structurĂ©s autour de la compĂ©tence par conception (CPC) dĂ©pendent de plus en plus d’outils qui fournissent des Ă©valuations fiables, nĂ©cessitent une formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs et mesurent la progression dans les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences peropĂ©ratoires, les Ă©chelles d’évaluation globale et de confiance sont couramment utilisĂ©es mais peuvent nĂ©cessiter une formation approfondie. Le Continuum des compĂ©tences (CC) est un cadre de la CPC qui peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme outil d’évaluation des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques. L’étude visait Ă  comparer le CC Ă  deux autres outils d’évaluation : l’évaluation globale opĂ©ratoire des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques (GOALS) et l’échelle de Zwisch. MĂ©thodes : Quatre chirurgiens experts ont Ă©valuĂ© trente vidĂ©os de cholĂ©cystectomie laparoscopique. Deux Ă©valuateurs ont utilisĂ© l’échelle GOALS tandis que les deux autres ont utilisĂ© l’échelle Zwisch et le CC. Chacun d’eux avait reçu une formation spĂ©cifique Ă  l’échelle utilisĂ©e. Des statistiques descriptives, la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs (FIÉ) et des corrĂ©lations de Pearson ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es pour chaque Ă©chelle. RĂ©sultats : Des corrĂ©lations positives significatives ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©es entre les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch (r=0.75, p<0.001), CC et GOALS (r=0.79, p<0.001), et CC et Zwisch (r=0.90, p<0.001). Le CC avait une fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,74 tandis que les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch avaient des fiabilitĂ©s inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,44 et 0,43, respectivement. Par rapport aux Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch, le CC avait la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs la plus Ă©levĂ©e et ne nĂ©cessitait qu’une formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs pour obtenir des scores fiables. Conclusion : Le CC constituerait un outil fiable pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences laparoscopiques peropĂ©ratoires et pour fournir aux stagiaires une rĂ©troaction formatrice pertinente pour les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Des recherches supplĂ©mentaires devraient ĂȘtre entreprises pour recueillir plus de preuves de validitĂ© pour l’utilisation du CC comme outil d’évaluation indĂ©pendant

    Vais-je publier ce résumé? Déterminer les caractéristiques de résumés de présentations orales associés au potentiel de publication

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    Background: Prior studies have shown that most conference submissions fail to be published. Understanding factors that facilitate publication may be of benefit to authors. Using data from the Canadian Conference on Medical Education (CCME), our goal was to identify characteristics of conference submissions that predict the likelihood of publication with a specific focus on the utility of peer-review ratings. Methods: Study characteristics (scholarship type, methodology, population, sites, institutions) from all oral abstracts from 2011-2015 and peer-review ratings for 2014-2015 were extracted by two raters. Publication data was obtained using online database searches. The impact of variables on publication success was analyzed using logistic regressions. Results: Of 531 abstracts with peer-review ratings, 162 (31%) were published. Of the 9 analyzed variables, those associated with a greater odds of publication were: multiple vs. single institutions (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72), post-graduate research vs. others (OR=1.81) and peer-review ratings (OR=1.60). Factors with decreased odds of publication were curriculum development (OR=0.17) and innovation vs. others (OR=0.22).     Conclusion: Similar to other studies, the publication rate of CCME presentations is low. However, peer ratings were predictive of publication success suggesting that ratings could be a useful form of feedback to authors.  Contexte : Des Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© que la plupart des rĂ©sumĂ©s soumis pour prĂ©sentations orales ne sont pas ultĂ©rieurement publiĂ©s. Il pourrait ĂȘtre utile aux auteurs de comprendre les facteurs qui favorisent la publication. À l’aide de donnĂ©es provenant de la ConfĂ©rence canadienne sur l’éducation mĂ©dicale (CCÉM), notre objectif Ă©tait d’identifier les caractĂ©ristiques des rĂ©sumĂ©s permettant de prĂ©dire les chances de publication et en particulier l’utilitĂ© des cotes attribuĂ©es par les rĂ©viseurs. MĂ©thodologie : Les caractĂ©ristiques des Ă©tudes (type de projet d’érudition, mĂ©thodologie, population, Ă©tablissements, institutions) de tous les rĂ©sumĂ©s de prĂ©sentation orale soumis pour les confĂ©rences de 2011 Ă  2015 et les cotes attribuĂ©es par les rĂ©viseurs entre 2014 et 2015 ont Ă©tĂ© extraites par deux Ă©valuateurs. On a obtenu des donnĂ©es de publication en faisant des recherches dans des bases de donnĂ©es en ligne.  L’effet des variables sur le potentiel de publication a Ă©tĂ© examinĂ© Ă  l’aide de rĂ©gressions logistiques. RĂ©sultats : Au total, 953 rĂ©sumĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©visĂ© des annĂ©es 2011 Ă  2015. Le taux de publication Ă©tait de 30.5% (291/953) en somme. Des 531 rĂ©sumĂ©s ayant Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s des pairs, entre 2014 et 2015, 162 (31 %) ont Ă©tĂ© publiĂ©s. Parmi les neuf variables analysĂ©es, celles qui ont Ă©tĂ© associĂ©es Ă  un nombre Ă©levĂ© de chances de publication Ă©taient les suivantes : projet multi-institutionnel par rapport Ă  institution unique (risque relatif (RR) = 1,72), travaux de recherche post-graduĂ©e par rapport Ă  d’autres types (RR = 1,81) et prĂ©sence de cotes attribuĂ©es par les rĂ©viseurs (RR = 1,6). Les facteurs associĂ©s Ă  des moindres chances de publication Ă©taient les suivants : articles portant sur le dĂ©veloppement de cursus (RR = 0,17) et les innovations, par rapport Ă  d’autres (RR = 0,22).     Conclusion :  Comme ce fut le cas pour d’autres Ă©tudes, le taux de publication Ă  la suite d’une prĂ©sentation au CCME est faible.  Cependant, les cotes attribuĂ©es par les rĂ©viseurs permettaient de prĂ©dire les chances de publication ce qui semble indiquer que les cotes pourraient constituer une forme de rĂ©troaction utile aux auteurs

    ASPIRE-2-PREVENT: a survey of lifestyle, risk factor management and cardioprotective medication in patients with coronary heart disease and people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the UK.

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    OBJECTIVE: To determine in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) whether the Joint British Societies' guidelines on CVD prevention (JBS2) are followed in everyday clinical practice. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of medical records and patient interviews and examinations at least 6 months after the recruiting event or diagnosis using standardised instruments and a central laboratory for measurement of lipids and glucose. SETTINGS: The ASPIRE-2-PREVENT survey was undertaken in 19 randomly selected hospitals and 19 randomly selected general practices in 12 geographical regions in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. PATIENTS: In hospitals, 1474 consecutive patients with CHD were identified and 676 (25.6% women) were interviewed. In general practice, 943 people at high CVD risk were identified and 446 (46.5% women) were interviewed. RESULTS: The prevalence of risk factors in patients with CHD and high-risk individuals was, respectively: smoking 14.1%, 13.3%; obesity 38%, 50.2%; not reaching physical activity target 83.3%, 85.4%; blood pressure ≄130/80 mm Hg (patients with CHD and self-reported diabetes) or ≄140/85 mm Hg (high-risk individuals) 46.9%, 51.3%; total cholesterol ≄4 mmol/l 52.6%, 78.7%; and diabetes 17.8%, 43.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The potential among patients with CHD and individuals at high risk of developing CVD in the UK to achieve the JBS2 lifestyle and risk factor targets is considerable. CVD prevention needs a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, addressing all aspects of lifestyle and risk factor management. The challenge is to engage and motivate cardiologists, physicians and other health professionals to routinely practice high quality preventive cardiology in a healthcare system which must invest in prevention

    Multiscale analyses of solar‐induced florescence and gross primary production

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    Solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) has shown great promise for probing spatiotemporal variations in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP), the largest component flux of the global carbon cycle. However, scale mismatches between SIF and ground‐based GPP have posed challenges toward fully exploiting these data. We used SIF obtained at high spatial sampling rates and resolution by NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 satellite to elucidate GPP‐SIF relationships across space and time in the U.S. Corn Belt. Strong linear scaling functions (R2 ≄ 0.79) that were consistent across instantaneous to monthly time scales were obtained for corn ecosystems and for a heterogeneous landscape based on tall tower observations. Although the slope of the corn function was ~56% higher than for the landscape, SIF was similar for corn (C4) and soybean (C3). Taken together, there is strong observational evidence showing robust linear GPP‐SIF scaling that is sensitive to plant physiology but insensitive to the spatial or temporal scale.Key PointsGPP scales linearly with SIF from instantaneous to monthly time scalesAggregating ecosystem GPP‐SIF functions yield a representative landscape relation that matched one obtained directly using tall tower GPPGPP‐SIF relations showed sensitivity to plant physiology but not spatiotemporal scalePeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135999/1/grl55274_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135999/2/grl55274.pd

    Comparing crop growth and carbon budgets simulated across AmeriFlux agricultural sites using the Community Land Model (CLM)

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    Improvement of process-based crop models is needed to achieve high fidelity forecasts of regional energy, water, and carbon exchanges. However, most state-of-the-art Land Surface Models (LSMs) assessed in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison project (CMIP5) simulated crops as unmanaged C3 or C4 grasses. This study evaluated the crop-enabled version of one of the most widely used LSMs, the Community Land Model (CLM4- Crop), for simulating corn and soybean agro-ecosystems at relatively long-time scales (up to 11 years) using 54 site-years of data. We found that CLM4-Crop had a biased phenology during the early growing season and that carbon emissions from corn and soybean were underestimated. The model adopts universal physiological parameters for all crop types neglecting the fact that different crops have different specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and vcmax25, etc. As a result, model performance varied considerably according to crop type. Overall, the energy and carbon exchange of corn systems were better simulated than soybean systems. Long-term simulations at multiple sites showed that gross primary production (GPP) was consistently over-estimated at soybean sites leading to very large short and long-term biases. A modified model, CLM4-CropM’, with optimized phenology and calibrated crop physiological parameters yielded significantly better simulations of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and leaf area index (LAI) at both short (hourly) and long-term (annual to decadal) timescales for both soybean and corn
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