‘Sons of athelings given to the earth’: Infant Mortality within Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Geography

FOR 20 OR MORE YEARS early Anglo-Saxon archaeologists have believed children are underrepresented in the cemetery evidence. They conclude that excavation misses small bones, that previous attitudes to reporting overlook the very young, or that infants and children were buried elsewhere. This is all well and good, but we must be careful of oversimplifying compound social and cultural responses to childhood and infant mortality. Previous approaches have offered methodological quandaries in the face of this under-representation. However, proportionally more infants were placed in large cemeteries and sometimes in specific zones. This trend is statistically significant and is therefore unlikely to result entirely from preservation or excavation problems. Early medieval cemeteries were part of regional mortuary geographies and provided places to stage events that promoted social cohesion across kinship systems extending over tribal territories. This paper argues that patterns in early Anglo-Saxon infant burial were the result of female mobility. Many women probably travelled locally to marry in a union which reinforced existing social networks. For an expectant mother, however, the safest place to give birth was with experience women in her maternal home. Infant identities were affected by personal and legal association with their mother’s parental kindred, so when an infant died in childbirth or months and years later, it was their mother’s identity which dictated burial location. As a result, cemeteries central to tribal identities became places to bury the sons and daughters of a regional tribal aristocracy

'The debatable territory where geology and archaeology meet': reassessing the early archaeobotanical work of Clement Reid and Arthur Lyell at Roman Silchester

The first large-scale archaeobotanical study in Britain, conducted from 1899 to 1909 by Clement Reid and Arthur Lyell at Silchester, provided the first evidence for the introduction of Roman plant foods to Britain, yet the findings have thus far remained unverified. This paper presents a reassessment of these archaeobotanical remains, now stored as part of the Silchester Collection in Reading Museum. The documentary evidence for the Silchester study is summarised, before the results are presented for over a 1000 plant remains including an assessment of preservation, identification and modern contamination. The dataset includes both evidence for the presence of nationally rare plant foods, such as medlar, and several archaeophytes. The methodologies and original interpretations of Reid and Lyell’s study are reassessed in light of current archaeobotanical knowledge. Spatial and contextual patterns in the distribution of plant foods and ornamental taxa are also explored. Finally, the legacy of the study for the development of archaeobotany in the 20th century is evaluated

Assistenza alla persona con demenza e altri disturbi del pensiero. Capitolo 72.

Cambiamenti nelle capacit\ue0 mentali possono verificarsi in qualsiasi momento durante il ciclo della vita. Le funzioni cognitive, come la memoria a breve termine e la capacit\ue0 di apprendimento, cambiano mano a mano che le persone invecchiano, ma molte patologie acute o croniche, reversibili o irreversibili, in grado di compromettere i processi di pensiero possono verificarsi a qualsiasi et\ue0. Anche se gli anziani sono a maggior rischio di deterioramento cognitivo, non si dovrebbe mai pensare che tale degrado sia necessariamente una conseguenza dell\u2019invecchiamento, n\ue9 che sia incurabile. La depressione e altri disturbi di natura medica, come per esempio l\u2019ipotiroidismo, possono manifestarsi sotto forma di disfunzioni mentali. Di conseguenza i cambiamenti mentali richiedono indagini accurate per determinare se e come \ue8 possibile far regredire i sintomi sperimentati dagli assistiti. Questo capitolo illustra le condizioni caratterizzate da demenza e da disturbi del pensiero

Assistenza alla persona con disturbi dell'apparato riproduttivo maschile. Capitolo 55

Diverse condizioni patologiche minacciano lo stato di salute dell\u2019apparato riproduttivo maschile. Questo capitolo offre una trattazione dell'assistenza infermieristica alla persona affetta da disturbi urogenitali specifici, con particolare attenzione alle anomalie strutturali congenite o acquisite, stati infiammatori e infettivi, disfunzioni erettili, ipertrofia benigna della prostata e neoplasie

Assistenza alla persona con disturbi d\u2019ansia. Capitolo 68.

Mentre l\u2019ansia e la paura fanno parte delle normali reazioni umane, i disturbi d\u2019ansia escono dalla norma. Rimane da rispondere alla domanda se i disturbi d\u2019ansia siano di origine biologica, o appresi, o siano piuttosto il risultato di conflitti emotivi inconsci, o \u2013 ancora \u2013 una combinazione di tutti e tre. Probabilmente svolgono un ruolo sia fattori fisici che psicologici. Una persona \ue8 predisposta geneticamente ai disturbi d\u2019ansia e poi manifesta un disturbo innescato da fattori situazionali. Questo capitolo esplora l\u2019ansia e la paura e tratta gli interventi da mettere in atto quando un assistito \ue8 in uno stato d\u2019ansia. Si esplorano anche i disturbi d\u2019ansia e l\u2019assistenza infermieristica a coloro che ne soffrono