Choice scores.

<p>Choice scores calculated from all ten test trials (N = 7, means ± SD). In the test phase, quails could choose between three alternatives. First, one of the actually accessible cups, second, a cup that was baited in the training sessions, third, a cup that was never baited before. For calculation of choice scores and statistics see text.</p

Results.

<p>Black dots represent baited positions. A) Small arrows represent individual means calculated from the last ten training trials B) Small arrows depict individual choice directions in the first test trial. C) Small arrows show individual means of choice directions calculated from the ten test trials. D) Small arrows point to individual single choices in all ten test trials. A–C) The centrally based arrow depicts the mean vector calculated from the individual values.</p