The Acute Environment, Rather than T Cell Subset Pre-Commitment, Regulates Expression of the Human T Cell Cytokine Amphiregulin

Cytokine expression patterns of T cells can be regulated by pre-commitment to stable effector phenotypes, further modification of moderately stable phenotypes, and quantitative changes in cytokine production in response to acute signals. We showed previously that the epidermal growth factor family member Amphiregulin is expressed by T cell receptor-activated mouse CD4 T cells, particularly Th2 cells, and helps eliminate helminth infection. Here we report a detailed analysis of the regulation of Amphiregulin expression by human T cell subsets. Signaling through the T cell receptor induced Amphiregulin expression by most or all T cell subsets in human peripheral blood, including naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, Th1 and Th2 in vitro T cell lines, and subsets of memory CD4 T cells expressing several different chemokine receptors and cytokines. In these different T cell types, Amphiregulin synthesis was inhibited by an antagonist of protein kinase A, a downstream component of the cAMP signaling pathway, and enhanced by ligands that increased cAMP or directly activated protein kinase A. Prostaglandin E2 and adenosine, natural ligands that stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, also enhanced Amphiregulin synthesis while reducing synthesis of most other cytokines. Thus, in contrast to mouse T cells, Amphiregulin synthesis by human T cells is regulated more by acute signals than pre-commitment of T cells to a particular cytokine pattern. This may be appropriate for a cytokine more involved in repair than attack functions during most inflammatory responses

Serum after Autologous Transplantation Stimulates Proliferation and Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Regeneration after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) depends on enormous activation of the stem cell pool. So far, it is hardly understood how these cells are recruited into proliferation and self-renewal. In this study, we have addressed the question if systemically released factors are involved in activation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC) after autologous HSCT. Serum was taken from patients before chemotherapy, during neutropenia and after hematopoietic recovery. Subsequently, it was used as supplement for in vitro culture of CD34+ cord blood HPC. Serum taken under hematopoietic stress (4 to 11 days after HSCT) significantly enhanced proliferation, maintained primitive immunophenotype (CD34+, CD133+, CD45−) for more cell divisions and increased colony forming units (CFU) as well as the number of cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC). The stimulatory effect decays to normal levels after hematopoietic recovery (more than 2 weeks after HSCT). Chemokine profiling revealed a decline of several growth-factors during neutropenia, including platelet-derived growth factors PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB, whereas expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) increased. These results demonstrate that systemically released factors play an important role for stimulation of hematopoietic regeneration after autologous HSCT. This feedback mechanism opens new perspectives for in vivo stimulation of the stem cell pool

The EYA Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity Is Pro-Angiogenic and Is Inhibited by Benzbromarone

Eyes Absents (EYA) are multifunctional proteins best known for their role in organogenesis. There is accumulating evidence that overexpression of EYAs in breast and ovarian cancers, and in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, correlates with tumor growth and increased metastasis. The EYA protein is both a transcriptional activator and a tyrosine phosphatase, and the tyrosine phosphatase activity promotes single cell motility of mammary epithelial cells. Since EYAs are expressed in vascular endothelial cells and cell motility is a critical feature of angiogenesis we investigated the role of EYAs in this process. Using RNA interference techniques we show that EYA3 depletion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells inhibits transwell migration as well as Matrigel-induced tube formation. To specifically query the role of the EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity we employed a chemical biology approach. Through an experimental screen the uricosuric agents Benzbromarone and Benzarone were found to be potent EYA inhibitors, and Benzarone in particular exhibited selectivity towards EYA versus a representative classical protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B. These compounds inhibit the motility of mammary epithelial cells over-expressing EYA2 as well as the motility of endothelial cells. Furthermore, they attenuate tubulogenesis in matrigel and sprouting angiogenesis in the ex vivo aortic ring assay in a dose-dependent fashion. The anti-angiogenic effect of the inhibitors was also demonstrated in vivo, as treatment of zebrafish embryos led to significant and dose-dependent defects in the developing vasculature. Taken together our results demonstrate that the EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity is pro-angiogenic and that Benzbromarone and Benzarone are attractive candidates for repurposing as drugs for the treatment of cancer metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, and vasculopathies

Interleukin (IL) 4, in the absence of antigen stimulation, induces an anergy-like state in differentiated CD8+ TC1 cells : Loss of IL-2 synthesis and autonomous proliferation but retention of cytotoxicity and synthesis of other cytokines

NRC publication: Ye

Functional subpopulation of CD4 lymphocytes

NRC publication: Ye

Kinetics of CD4 T Cell Cytokine Production, Chemokine Production and Activation after Influenza Vaccination

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Medicine & Dentistry. Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, 2012.The amount and timing of effector molecule secretion are tightly regulated in CD4 T cells during the immune response. T cell cytokine profiles have been studied extensively, but how chemokines are expressed during activation is less clear. This study showed that human CD4 T cells, activated with either influenza antigen or polyclonal stimulation, produce chemokines and cytokines with different kinetics. IL-2, IFNγ and TNFα were quickly induced, while chemokines CCL1, CCL3 and CCL4 were secreted later. Further analysis of sorted early cytokine positive cells showed that even though the IFNγ and IL-2 secreting cells have a preference to subsequently produce chemokines, the majority of chemokine producing cells did not secrete cytokines at early times. In addition to analyzing expression kinetics in individual cells, the kinetics of expansion of cytokine/chemokine-secreting cells during the human immune response to influenza vaccination were measured. The numbers of influenza-responsive CD4 T cells able to secrete chemokines increased transiently, 7 days after influenza vaccination, while the cytokine response did not change significantly. The response was then tracked more precisely by daily sampling, and monitoring of the proliferation marker Ki-67. These two improvements revealed that a substantial fraction of influenza-specific CD4 T cells responded to vaccination. After 4-6 days, there was a sharp rise in the numbers of Ki-67- expressing cells that produced cytokines or chemokines in vitro in response to influenza vaccine or peptide. Ki-67+ cell numbers then declined rapidly, and ten days after vaccination, both Ki-67+ and overall influenza-specific cell numbers were similar to pre-vaccination levels. The response to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine was similar, but had slightly slower kinetics and higher peak responding cell numbers. Overall, these results demonstrate that CD4 T cells secrete cytokines and chemokines with different kinetics. Ki-67 and chemokine expression are sensitive tools for assessing the quality and quantity of responses to different influenza vaccines, and reveal a response to inactivated influenza vaccine that was difficult to detect by previous methods. These results also raise the possibility that vaccination may substantially reshape the anti-influenza T cell memory response, even without significant changes in the overall memory cell numbers

The Expression and Regulation of Amphiregulin in Human T Cells and Basophils

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Medicine & Dentistry. Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, 2012.Amphiregulin (AR), a member of the Epidermal Growth Factor family, is expressed during type 2 responses by activated mouse Th2 cells. AR produced by mouse hematopoietic cells contributes to the elimination of a nematode infection by a Type 2 effector response. We have now examined the regulation of expression of AR by human peripheral blood mononuclear cell T cells. Signaling through the TCR induced AR expression by human T cells, but in contrast to mouse cells, expression occurred in most or all T cell subsets, including naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, Th1 and Th2 in vitro T cell lines, and subsets of memory CD4 T cells expressing several different chemokine receptors and cytokines. Strong stimuli, such as PMA and ionomycin, induced AR expression by a majority of naive and memory T cells. In addition of TCR stimulation, AR synthesis was enhanced by ligands that increased cAMP or directly activated PKA, a downstream component of the cAMP signaling pathway. Prostaglandin E2 and adenosine, natural ligands that bind to G protein coupled receptor and stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, also enhanced AR synthesis while reducing synthesis of most other cytokines. Family of immune suppressive agents glucocorticoids, also showed opposite regulation of AR and cytokine expression. Thus AR synthesis by human T cells is regulated more by environmental signals than pre-commitment of T cells to a particular cytokine pattern. This may be appropriate for a cytokine more involved in repair than attack functions. Besides human T cells, we also observed a non-T cell population, which were basophils judged by morphology and lineage marker expression, expressing AR during human T cells activation. AR expression by basophils in response to anti-TCR stimulation required IL-3 produced by T cells, and IL-3 alone induced high levels of AR expression by purified basophils. These results suggest that the expression of AR in human immune cells also maintains a preference to type 2 immune responses through the production by basophils, which may contribute to tissue remodeling during type 2 immune responses such as asthma