Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002

After adjusting for differences in demographics between the two populations, the study finds that people with diabetes incur healthcare costs approximately 2.4 times higher than people without diabetes. The authors also emphasize that because nearly one-third of the approximately 17 million people in the U.S. with diabetes remain undiagnosed, $132 billion represents a conservative estimate. Moreover, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age and is higher among certain racial and ethnic minority populations, which portends a substantial increase in incidence of the disease (and its associated costs) as the nation grows older and becomes more racially and ethnically diverse.diabetes economic costs U.S. public health

The 'Matters' of Science Diplomacy:Transversal Analysis of the S4D4C Case Studies

What matters in science diplomacy? That is the question that the publication of the S4D4C project (see www.s4d4c.eu) “The 'Matters' of Science Diplomacy: Transversal Analysis of the S4D4C Case Studies” aims to answer. To do so, the transversal analysis critically analyses the content of the project's nine case studies and identifies insights to foster and advance the understanding and the practice of science diplomacy. Each matter addresses a piece from the larger picture; together they form a mosaic depicting the complex and wide-ranging concept of science diplomacy. The 10 “matters” are the result of the collaborative work between 11 S4D4C team members, coordinated by Mitchell Young, S4D4C lead for empirical work

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002

The study highlights the large and rising cost of the disease: an estimated $132 billion, or approximately$92 billion in direct healthcare expenditures and $40 billion in lost productivity attributed to missed workdays, disability, and early mortality. After adjusting for differences in demographics between the two populations, the study finds that people with diabetes incur healthcare costs approximately 2.4 times higher than people without diabetes. One- third of the approximately 17 million people in the U.S. with diabetes remain undiagnosed,$132 billion represents a conservative estimate. Moreover, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age and is higher among certain racial and ethnic minority populations, which portends a substantial increase in incidence of the disease (and its associated costs) as the nation grows older and becomes more racially and ethnically diverse.diabetes economic costs mellitus U.S.