32 research outputs found
Power of SMT at for .
<p>The -axis represents the available percentage of SNPs of the complete model, the -axis power levels.</p
Power values<sup>a</sup> for pairwise interaction.
<p>Power values<sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078038#nt109" target="_blank">a</a></sup> for pairwise interaction.</p
Spatial Atmospheric Pressure Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin Oxide as an Impermeable Electron Extraction Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Thermal Stability
Despite
the notable success of hybrid halide perovskite-based solar cells,
their long-term stability is still a key-issue. Aside from optimizing
the photoactive perovskite, the cell design states a powerful lever
to improve stability under various stress conditions. Dedicated electrically
conductive diffusion barriers inside the cell stack, that counteract
the ingress of moisture and prevent the migration of corrosive halogen
species, can substantially improve ambient and thermal stability.
Although atomic layer deposition (ALD) is excellently suited to prepare
such functional layers, ALD suffers from the requirement of vacuum
and only allows for a very limited throughput. Here, we demonstrate
for the first time spatial ALD-grown SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> at atmospheric pressure as impermeable electron extraction layers
for perovskite solar cells. We achieve optical transmittance and electrical
conductivity similar to those in SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> grown
by conventional vacuum-based ALD. A low deposition temperature of
80 °C and a high substrate speed of 2.4 m min<sup>–1</sup> yield SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> layers with a low water vapor
transmission rate of ∼10<sup>–4</sup> gm<sup>–2</sup> day<sup>–1</sup> (at 60 °C/60% RH). Thereby, in perovskite
solar cells, dense hybrid Al:ZnO/SnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> electron
extraction layers are created that are the key for stable cell characteristics
beyond 1000 h in ambient air and over 3000 h at 60 °C. Most notably,
our work of introducing spatial ALD at atmospheric pressure paves
the way to the future roll-to-roll manufacturing of stable perovskite
solar cells
Empirical -levels for SMT<sup>a</sup>.
<p>Empirical -levels for SMT<sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078038#nt104" target="_blank">a</a></sup>.</p
Power values<sup>a</sup> of SMT under 3-SNP-recessive models.
<p>Power values<sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078038#nt111" target="_blank">a</a></sup> of SMT under 3-SNP-recessive models.</p
Power of SMT at for .
<p>The -axis represents the available percentage of SNPs of the complete model, the -axis power levels.</p
Application of SMT to Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility SNPs.
<p>Application of SMT to Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility SNPs.</p
Power values<sup>a</sup> for single-marker analysis.
<p>Power values<sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078038#nt107" target="_blank">a</a></sup> for single-marker analysis.</p
Power of SMT at for .
<p>The -axis represents the available percentage of SNPs of the complete model, the -axis power levels.</p
Curve of -estimates for Alzheimer’s disease real data (10 susceptibility SNPs).
<p>The -axis represents the allele threshold, the -axis the supra-multiplicativity effect estimate.</p