Overview of the PALM model system 6.0

In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Largeeddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in Maronga et al. (2015). During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue

Crystal field and exchange interactions in DyT{sub 4}Al{sub 8} (T = Fe and Mn)

The authors investigated the magnetic excitations in polycrystalline samples of hard magnet related compounds DyFe{sub 4}Al{sub 8} and DyMn{sub 4}Al{sub 8} by neutron spectroscopy. For both compounds the magnetic spectra at energies below 40 meV are dominated by the response of the Dy{sup 3+} ions. In DyMn{sub 4}Al{sub 8} they observed pure crystal-field transitions within the Dy{sup 3+} J = 15/2 ground multiplet ID which is split into 8 doublets under the low point-group symmetry of 4/mmm. In DyFe{sub 4}Al{sub 8} the Dy crystal-field-split states are perturbed by the molecular fields of the ordered Fe sublattice

Case Report Gluteal abscess: diagnostic challenges and management

Gluteal abscess is a well-documented presentation of a caries spine and other local bony foci of tuberculosis. Still, during a PUBMED data search, only one report of vertebral tuberculosis presenting only as a gluteal abscess in adults was found in English medical literature. The current article describes a case of tuberculosis of the lumbar spine with gluteal abscess as the only clinical feature, in an immunocompetent young adult. Key words: gluteal abscess; tuberculosis; lumbar spine; percutaneous aspiratio