Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2004;113(1):17-24.</p><p>Published online 30 Sep 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC1253704.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2004;113(1):17-24.</p><p>Published online 30 Sep 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC1253704.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2004;113(1):17-24.</p><p>Published online 30 Sep 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC1253704.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2004;113(1):17-24.</p><p>Published online 30 Sep 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC1253704.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Effects of ammonium-based ionic liquids and 2,4-dichlorophenol on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of zebrafish embryos

<div><p>Ionic liquids consisting of a combination of herbicidal anions with a quaternary ammonium cation act as efficient herbicides, which are under consideration to be used in the agriculture. In the present study, we used embryos of the zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) as a model to assess the toxic potential of ammonium-based ionic liquids for aquatic organisms. As we assumed interference of the partially hydrophobic ionic liquid cation with lipids, we investigated the adaptation response in the lipid composition of the zebrafish embryos, triggered by the ionic compound. Therefore, the impact of ammonium-based ionic liquids with different lengths of the alkyl chain ([C₆,C₆,C₁,C₁N][Br], [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br]) on the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile of zebrafish embryos up to 72 hours post fertilization (hpf) was examined. Furthermore, the changes in the unsaturation index (UI) of PLFAs, as the sum parameter of membrane fluidity in eukaryotic cells, were presented. The PLFA’s UI in the zebrafish embryos upon exposure to quaternary ammonium salts was compared to the UI of the embryos upon exposure to nonionic 2,4-dichlorophenol, which has a similar hydrophobicity but is structurally different to [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br]. It was shown that for ammonium-based ionic liquid precursors non-specific mode of action occurs and the toxic effect on lipid composition of zebrafish embryos can be well predicted based on chemical properties, like hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the changes in PLFAs, expressed by the UI, can be useful to study toxic effects of organic contamination. However, for zebrafish embryos, after ionic liquids and 2,4-DCP exposure, the changes were observed at high lethal concentrations, which caused the incidence of lethality of 30 and 50% of a group of test animals.</p></div

Values for dry weight and for carbon, nitrogen, total fatty acids and protein contents for eggs/hatched embryos of the zebrafish (<i>D</i>. <i>rerio</i>) at different stages of development.

<p>(A) Absolute values for the different parameters per individual and (B) relative amounts of carbon, nitrogen, total fatty acids and protein normalized to respective dry weights are depicted. Symbols were connected to visualize trends. *: p < 0.05 (Dunnett’s test with 0 hpf as reference). For dry weight, carbon and nitrogen: n = 4 with 5 pooled individuals per n; for proteins: n = 5–7 with 30 pooled individuals per n; for fatty acids: n = 3–4 with 50 individuals per n; hpf: hours post fertilization. Note that the y-axis in A is divided into two sections with different scales.</p

Quantities of different fatty acids (scaled to left y-axis) and the unsaturation index (UI) based on the phospholipids (PFLA) (scaled to right y-axis) for eggs/hatched embryos at 0–96 hpf.

<p>Total fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids and neutral lipids were normalized to dry weight. Symbols were connected to visualize trends. *: p < 0.05 (Dunnett’s test with 0 hpf as reference). n = 3–4 with 50 pooled individuals per n; hpf: hours post fertilization. Note that the left y-axis is divided into two sections with different scales.</p

Summary of acute toxicity data for each compound.

<p>Summary of acute toxicity data for each compound.</p

PLFA pattern of untreated zebrafish embryos (control) and embryos treated with [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br] (LC₁₀, LC₃₀, LC₅₀) at 72 hpf.

<p>hpf: hours post fertilization; y-axis is divided into two sections with different scales; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.</p

PLFA patterns of untreated (light grey) and 2,4-DNP-treated (dark grey) embryos at 24 (A), 30 (B) and 48 hpf (C).

<p>* indicates significant differences between untreated and 2,4-DNP-treated embryos (p < 0.05; Student's t-test). n = 3–4 with 50 pooled embryos per n. Note that the y-axes are divided into two sections with different scales.</p