What about local climate governance? A review of promise and problems

A large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is produced in urban areas, particularly in high income countries. Cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and particularly so in developing countries. Therefore, local climate policies for mitigation and adaptation have to play an important role in any effective global climate protection strategy. Based upon a systematic literature review, this article gives a comprehensive overview of motivation and challenges for local climate governance. A large part of the literature focuses on mitigation and cities in industrialized countries. The review also includes the smaller and emerging body of literature on adaptation and cities in developing or industrializing countries. Motivations and challenges we find fall into broad categories like ‘economic’, ‘informational’, ‘institutional’, ‘liveability’ or ‘political/cultural’. We conclude that the mix of motivation and challenges is city-specific, and that the national framework conditions are important. It matters, whether cities engage in mitigation or adaptation policies, whether they are located in developing, industrializing or industrialized countries, and at which stage of climate policy-making cities are. For many cities, cost savings are a primary motivation for local mitigation policies, while perceived vulnerability and a commitment to development is the primary motivator for adaptation policies. The collective action problem of climate protection (also known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons’) and inappropriate legal frameworks are key barriers to mitigation policies. Challenges for adaptation include financial constraints, and a lack of expertise, cooperation, leadership and political support. Understanding their specific motivation and challenges may support cities in developing appropriate local climate action plans. Furthermore, the understanding of motivation and challenges can inform other policy levels that want to help realize the local climate protection potential.Climate policy, local authorities, cities, mitigation, adaptation, energy, local climate governance

Der Capability-Ansatz: Von der Ungleichheitsforschung zur Anwendung in der Bewegungsförderung

The German population's physical activity behavior shows a clear need for measures to promote physical activity across the lifespan. Already gained insights into the relationship between the physical activity behavior and inequalities of the population show that there is a need for projects for prevention and physical activity promotion, which address health inequality and thus strengthen the health of vulnerable groups. In this dissertation, it was investigated how physical activity promotion, can be successful on a holistic level, that is, individually and also structurally. In the context of three scientific studies, the use of the capability approach, originally developed from Amartya Sen (1993) in the field of health economics, was examined in terms of its suitability as a holistic theoretical approach in physical activity promotion across different projects across the lifespan. In Article I, a systematic literature review is conducted to present the current state of research on the methods for measuring capabilities for health or physical activity behavior. The review examined whether there already exist measurement tools that can be applied within projects to enable comparisons across settings. Identified measurement instruments were examined in terms of their development as well as their validity and reliability. Article II examines the use of the capability approach in the context of participatory projects of the Capital4Health consortium using a participatory approach. The consortium aims to develop capabilities for an active lifestyle in various settings throughout the entire lifespan. To achieve this, the so-called capability cycle based on an existing capability model for health promotion was developed. Using this model, the four empirical projects of the Capital4Health consortium were examined in terms of project implementation, resulting transformation factors as project outcomes, and project-specific evaluation results could be conducted. The findings show that despite a common theoretical framework, the empirical projects have interpreted and implemented the capability approach differently. This is partly due to the different disciplines of sports science and the existing discipline-specific theoretical frameworks that were incorporated into the project work. The insights gained from the comparison were used to develop recommendations for the use of the capability approach in health and physical activity promotion, which can be used by future projects that want to apply the capability approach as a theoretical framework. By using the empirically developed guidelines, new projects can benefit from previous insights and it further enables comparability of projects. To verify the use of the Capability Cycle as an evaluation framework outside of the Capital4Health consortium, article III retrospectively examines the Movement as Investment in Health (BIG) project through a systematic literature analysis. The project was established in 2005 with the goal of empowering women in difficult life situations (term was chosen by the women themselves) to advocate for their own health and thus increase physical activity related health equality within the community settings. Therefore, all previously published Articles of the BIG-project(n=37) were analyzed regarding the mentioned results which were embedded according to their level, i.e. multipliers or target group, and the individual elements of the Capability Cycle. It was found that the use of the Capability Cycle allows for a holistic analysis of the results achieved both on the behavioral and on the structural level. In summary, the findings presented in this thesis provide deep insights into the use of the capability approach, particularly in physical activity-related health promotion. The results show that the capability approach provides a basic foundation for application in health and physical activity promotion, which includes various perspectives (empowerment and inequality research, as well as the behavior itself). In the future, the approach should therefore be used in interventions to specifically adapt them to targeted populations and to take into account influencing individual and structural factors, multipliers and their options for action.Das Bewegungsverhalten der Bevölkerung in Deutschland zeigt einen deutlichen Bedarf an Maßnahmen zur Bewegungsförderung über die gesamte Lebensspanne. Bereits gewonnene Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem Bewegungsverhalten und der Ungleichheit in der Bevölkerung zeigen, dass es einen Bedarf an Projekten zur Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung gibt, welche die gesundheitliche Ungleichheit adressieren und somit die Gesundheit von vulnerablen Gruppen stärken. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde untersucht, wie Bewegungsförderung auf ganzheitlicher Ebene, also individuumsbezogen und auch strukturell gelingen kann. Im Rahmen von drei wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen wurde diesbezüglich die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes, ursprünglich aus der Gesundheitsökonomie nach Amartya Sen (1993) stammend, hinsichtlich seiner Tauglichkeit als ganzheitlicher theoretischer Ansatz in der Bewegungsförderung bei verschiedenen Projekten über die Lebensspanne untersucht. In einer systematischen Literaturübersicht stellt Artikel I den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Messmethoden von Capabilities bezüglich Gesundheits- bzw. Bewegungsverhalten dar. Hierbei wurde untersucht, ob bereits Messinstrumente bestehen, welche im Rahmen von Projekten angewandt werden können, um einen Vergleich über Settings hinweg anstellen zu können. Identifizierte Messinstrumente wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklung sowie deren Validität und Reliabilität begutachtet. Artikel II untersucht im Rahmen eines partizipativen Ansatzes die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes im Rahmen von partizipativen Projekten des Capital4Health Verbunds. Der Verbund zielt auf die Entwicklung von Handlungsmöglichkeiten für einen aktiven Lebensstil in verschiedenen Settings über die gesamte Lebensspanne. Hierfür wurde der sogenannte Capability-Cycle basierend auf einem bereits bestehenden Capability-Modell der Gesundheitsförderung entwickelt. Unter Anwendung des Modells wurden 4 Projekte hinsichtlich der Umsetzung des Capability-Ansatzes untersucht. Durch die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle konnte ein Vergleich der empirischen Projekte hinsichtlich der Projektumsetzung, entstandener Umwandlungsfaktoren als Projekt Outcome sowie projektspezifischer Evaluationsergebnisse durchgeführt werden. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass trotz eines gemeinsamen theoretischen Rahmenkonzeptes die empirischen Projekte den Capability-Ansatz unterschiedlich interpretiert und umgesetzt haben. Dies ist teilweise abhängig von den unterschiedlichen sportwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen sowie den disziplinspezifischen bestehenden theoretischen Rahmenkonzepten, welche in die Projektarbeit einfließen. Die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse des Vergleichs wurden anschließend genutzt, um Empfehlungen für die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes in der Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung zu entwickeln, welche zukünftigen Projekten zur Verfügung stehen, die den Capability-Ansatz als theoretisches Rahmenkonzept verwenden möchten. Durch die empirisch entwickelten Richtlinien können neue Projekte von den bisherigen Erkenntnissen profitieren und es kann gleichzeitig eine Vergleichbarkeit von Projekten ermöglicht werden. Um die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle als Evaluationsrahmen auch außerhalb des Capital4Health Verbunds zu überprüfen, wurde in Artikel 3 das Projekt „Bewegung als Investition in Gesundheit (BIG) retrospektiv in einer systematischen Literaturanalyse untersucht. Das Projekt entstand im Jahr 2005 mit dem Ziel, Frauen „in schwierigen Lebenslagen“ (so die von den Teilnehmerinnen selbst gewählte Beschreibung) zu befähigen, sich für ihre eigene Gesundheit einzusetzen, und damit die bewegungsbezogene gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit innerhalb kommunaler Settings Hierfür wurde eine systematische Literaturanalyse aller bisherigen BIG-Publikationen (n=37) durchgeführt und hinsichtlich genannter Ergebnisse analysiert. Alle Ergebnisse wurden nach deren Ebene, sprich Multiplikatoren oder Zielgruppe sowie den einzelnen Elementen des Capability-Cycle eingebettet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass durch die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der erzielten Ergebnisse sowohl auf der Verhaltens- als auch auf der Verhältnisebene möglich ist. Durch die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift, konnte die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes insbesondere in der Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung geprüft und weiterentwickelt werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Capability-Ansatz für die Anwendung in der Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung eine Grundbasis bildet, welche verschiedene Sichtweisen (Empowerment und Ungleichheitsforschung, sowie das Verhalten selbst) mit einbezieht. In der Zukunft sollte der Ansatz daher in Interventionen weiter Anwendung finden, um diese spezifisch an die Zielgruppen anzupassen und dabei beeinflussende individuelle und strukturelle Faktoren sowie Multiplikatoren und deren Handlungsmöglichkeiten zu beachten

Choose your words wisely! Understanding the strategic communication of differential privacy

As a possible solution addressing the growing tension for companies on wanting to collect data and not upset their customers through adverse events simultaneously, differential privacy (DP), an approach that allows the collection of data while ensuring privacy, is gaining in popularity. As many companies increasingly engage in deploying DP, they consequently try to communicate such efforts to their consumers. However, compared to traditional measures, DP has unique characteristics which pose special challenges in its communication. Despite this, prior research did not sufficiently address the user-perspective on DP. Consequently, we adopt an elaboration likelihood lens to investigate how two prevalent descriptions of DP are perceived. By conducting a between-subjects experiment (n=264) we identify powerful mediating effects in the perception of DP, not known before. We contribute to literature by demonstrating the full-mediation of these effects, and to practice by depicting how these can be incorporated in a successful communication strategy

Really, What Are They Offering? A Taxonomy of Companies\u27 Actual Response Strategies after a Data Breach

Data breaches have become an everyday phenomenon. As a consequence, organizations no longer solely focus on prevention but also proactively prepare for the next data breach. A key element of these efforts is data breach response strategies that aim to retain trust and loyalty of the affected parties. Prior research provides important insights into the effects, causes, and conditions of effective response strategies. However, an underlying conceptualization of different forms of data breach response strategies is lacking. By analyzing the response strategies of 313 data breaches, we inductively derive a taxonomy of data breach response strategies. Our results suggest that response actions can be classified along eight dimensions including 22 distinct characteristics. Our research provides contributions to research and practice. The taxonomy provides a comprehensive framework and allows to link different research streams logically. Subsequently, the taxonomy helps managers to distinguish different data breach response strategies and implement suitable measures

What about local climate governance? A review of promise and problems

A large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is produced in urban areas, particularly in high income countries. Cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and particularly so in developing countries. Therefore, local climate policies for mitigation and adaptation have to play an important role in any effective global climate protection strategy. Based upon a systematic literature review, this article gives a comprehensive overview of motivation and challenges for local climate governance. A large part of the literature focuses on mitigation and cities in industrialized countries. The review also includes the smaller and emerging body of literature on adaptation and cities in developing or industrializing countries. Motivations and challenges we find fall into broad categories like ‘economic’, ‘informational’, ‘institutional’, ‘liveability’ or ‘political/cultural’. We conclude that the mix of motivation and challenges is city-specific, and that the national framework conditions are important. It matters, whether cities engage in mitigation or adaptation policies, whether they are located in developing, industrializing or industrialized countries, and at which stage of climate policy-making cities are. For many cities, cost savings are a primary motivation for local mitigation policies, while perceived vulnerability and a commitment to development is the primary motivator for adaptation policies. The collective action problem of climate protection (also known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons’) and inappropriate legal frameworks are key barriers to mitigation policies. Challenges for adaptation include financial constraints, and a lack of expertise, cooperation, leadership and political support. Understanding their specific motivation and challenges may support cities in developing appropriate local climate action plans. Furthermore, the understanding of motivation and challenges can inform other policy levels that want to help realize the local climate protection potential

What about local climate governance? A review of promise and problems

A large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is produced in urban areas, particularly in high income countries. Cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and particularly so in developing countries. Therefore, local climate policies for mitigation and adaptation have to play an important role in any effective global climate protection strategy. Based upon a systematic literature review, this article gives a comprehensive overview of motivation and challenges for local climate governance. A large part of the literature focuses on mitigation and cities in industrialized countries. The review also includes the smaller and emerging body of literature on adaptation and cities in developing or industrializing countries. Motivations and challenges we find fall into broad categories like ‘economic’, ‘informational’, ‘institutional’, ‘liveability’ or ‘political/cultural’. We conclude that the mix of motivation and challenges is city-specific, and that the national framework conditions are important. It matters, whether cities engage in mitigation or adaptation policies, whether they are located in developing, industrializing or industrialized countries, and at which stage of climate policy-making cities are. For many cities, cost savings are a primary motivation for local mitigation policies, while perceived vulnerability and a commitment to development is the primary motivator for adaptation policies. The collective action problem of climate protection (also known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons’) and inappropriate legal frameworks are key barriers to mitigation policies. Challenges for adaptation include financial constraints, and a lack of expertise, cooperation, leadership and political support. Understanding their specific motivation and challenges may support cities in developing appropriate local climate action plans. Furthermore, the understanding of motivation and challenges can inform other policy levels that want to help realize the local climate protection potential

A Double-Edged Sword of Involvement: On the Tension Between Customers’ Group Value and Self-Interest in Data Breach Response Processes

As data breaches continue to rise, customers exhibit heterogeneous expectations regarding the company\u27s response. Universal responses can show backfire effects since they fail to meet the expectations. Thus, the challenge arises that customer expectations must be known to mitigate the consequences while time is limited to publish the data breach announcement. By drawing on service failure, data breach, and justice research, we theorize that customer involvement provides a viable approach to this challenge. We argue that active customer involvement allows customers to formulate their expectations. Thus, enabling companies to leverage these expectations to provide tailored data breach responses. We test our hypotheses in a digital experiment (n=304). Our results provide a first indication that active customer involvement in a data breach drives positive group value and negative self-interest effects. We contribute to the data breach literature by revealing that customer involvement constitutes a suitable mechanism for identifying customer expectations

Together We Are Stronger - Paving the Way for Value Co-Creation in Data Breach Responses

Data breaches pose severe risks to companies. In fact, those incidents generate adverse effects on the customer relationship and companies’ financial performance. To this end, prior research has demonstrated that a dedicated response strategy to a data breach can mitigate these consequences. Nevertheless, contemporary research focuses on one-way response communication with the affected customer. Customers receive notification of the incident and are offered a pre-determined solution but are not actively integrated into the data breach response process. In turn, informed through service failure literature, we argue that a value co-creation perspective of data breach response strategies holds merit. We identify six distinct research avenues for future data breach research through a hermeneutic literature review of salient co-recovery literature. Our research represents a novelty to the field of data breach response strategies. We synthesize the service failure, data breach, and co-creation streams of literature and highlight research shortcomings and opportunities

Can Our Health Data Stay Private? A Review and Future Directions for IS Research on Privacy-Preserving AI in Healthcare

The generation of data has become one of the main drivers of modern healthcare. Like other industries, we see that the total amount of healthcare data is growing and in diversity. Thus, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used increasingly as a tool to turn this body of healthcare data into real value. But with AI and big data comes big risk, especially in terms of data privacy. Privacy-preserving AI techniques are gaining in popularity to prevent patient privacy compromises while utilizing the potentials offered by AI. However, there is no clear understanding of the current research space of applying such privacy-preserving techniques in healthcare. This paper aims to provide an understanding of these techniques and investigates the emerging research field of privacy-preserving AI and its use in healthcare by reviewing the current multidisciplinary research to synthesize knowledge and derive future research directions in this regard

ÖR-Klausurbearbeitung: Grundlagenwissen rund um den Bebauungsplan

Sowohl im ersten als auch im zweiten Examen werden Klausuren rund um den Bebauungsplan gestellt. Oft sind Prüflinge dazu aufgerufen, eine Satzung auf formelle und materielle Fehler zu untersuchen und die richtigen Schlüsse aus den gefundenen Fehlern zu ziehen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag stellen wir die formellen und materiellen Rechtmäßigkeitsvoraussetzungen eines Bebauungsplans dar (I.) und erörtern die Folgen von Rechtsfehlern (II.). Wer sich zusätzlich für einen alternativen Lernansatz interessiert, um einen Überblick über die für die Rechtmäßigkeitsprüfung relevanten Normen zu erlangen, kann einen Blick auf die ebenfalls in diesem Heft abgedruckte Merkhilfe werfen