A generic knowledge translation framework across the research, policy, managerial, and societal domains.

<p>Vertical rectangles contain the methods or approaches to bridging each phase, the frames at the bottom indicate the products for each phase, and the concepts in between the vertical rectangles represent the different forms of knowledge. Systematic reviews are summarised into a unified body of knowledge that links priority problems with the effects of interventions and implementation strategies. Knowledge summaries support the deliberative process in which stakeholders develop guidance products that, in turn, result in policies for services and programmes arrangements. The outcomes of programmes and services are evaluated to ascertain the extent to which the needs of the population have been met. Evaluation should inform further research, in an iterative process.</p

Percentage of facilities receiving a passing* or failing score on each of the seven proficiency panels.

<p>*Pass defined as ≥67% score on the proficiency panel.</p

Health systems indicators and proposed success criteria.

<p>Health systems indicators and proposed success criteria.</p

Key indicators for syphilis screening before and after POCT introduction.

a<p>Pregnant women were a subset of the sexually active population.</p>b<p>N/a: No data available before the introduction of POCTs as testing was done by a laboratory and these services were not widely available in rural China.</p>c<p>Twelve POCT-positive pregnant women had a previous history of syphilis and were either RPR negative or had received treatment recently. The treating physicians did not think additional treatment was required.</p>d<p>ANC attenders whose accompanying partners were found to have syphilis were offered presumptive treatment even if their own result was negative. This resulted in more women being treated than had positive tests.</p><p>RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; TPPA, <i>Treponema pallidum</i> particle agglutination assay.</p

Examples of research questions for the three research domains.

<p>*As noted above, depending on how the question is phrased and the research is designed; some of these questions can be addressed in several research domains.</p

Defining research to improve health systems.

<p>*How amenable the research outputs are to adaptation, scaling up or use or in other contexts or locations.</p

Research to improve health systems.

<p>Research to improve health systems.</p