BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE

U radu se ukazuje na nedostatke pravila poslovne procene u Zakonu o privrednim društvima. Reč je o institutu koji je nastao kao produkt američke sudske prakse, ali koji je široku popularnost stekao i u drugim državama. Trend pravne transplantacije nije zaobišao ni našu zemlju, te je iz tog razloga jako bitno definisanje ovog pravila i ispravno razumevanje razloga njegovog postojanja. Upravo zbog toga prvi deo rada posvećen je istorijskom razvoju pravila poslovne procene, dok je centralni deo rada usmeren ka određivanju kruga lica koja su zaštićena ovim pravilom, kao i pretpostavkama koje moraju biti ispunjene kako bi se aktivirao mehanizam zaštite. Te pretpostavke u stvari konstituišu dužnost pažnje i služe za određivanje pojma pravila poslovne procene i nisu jedinstveno prihvaćene u svim pravnim sistemima. U radu je pojedinačno analizi ran svaki od njih: 1. poslovna odluka; 2. odsustvo sukoba interesa; 3. savesnost; 4. informisanost pri odlučivanju; 5. pažnja dobrog privrednika i 6. uverenje da se deluje u najboljem interesu društva. U završnom delu rada se ukazuje na obrnuto postavljenu raspodelu tereta dokaza koja podriva efikasnost zaštitne uloge pravila poslovne procene.In this paper the author shows the shortcomings of the business judgment rule in the Serbian Company Act. Business judgment rule is a judicially created American doctrine that has gained widespread popularity in other countries. The trend of legal transplanting has not bypassed our country, and for this reason it is very important to define this rule and to properly understand the reason for its existence. Because of that the first part of this paper is dedicated to analysing the onset and deployment of this specific rule. Although the core of this paper is aimed at defining the subset of people who are protected by this rule, it is as well aimed at determining the precedents needed to get this protection mechanism operational. These conditions actually construct duty of care and are used to define the business judgment rule, and are not unanimously accepted in all law systems. In the paper these conditions have been individually analysed: 1. business decision; 2. absence of conflict of interest; 3. good faith; 4. informed decisions making; 5. the care of a prudent business person and 6. honest belief that the decision was in the company’s best interest. The final segment of this paper shows the reverse distribution of the burden of proof which undermines the eficiency of the protective role of the business judgment rule

IZAZOVI DIGITALIZACIJE RADA I ZAŠTITE LIČNIH PODATAKA

Innovations in the field of information and communication technologies have facilitated faster and more efficient economic transactions, seamless information flow, and the exchange of large volumes of data. While advancements in high technology bring numerous benefits, they also come with various challenges. Smart devices and new surveillance methods have enabled the creation of extensive databases of individuals, leading to certain concerns. Data plays a crucial role in the functioning of digital platforms, ensuring their optimal performance. Consequently, these platforms collect necessary data during the worker registration process. However, this practice creates information asymmetry and inequality, as digital platforms possess a wealth of data, whereas platform workers have limited access to information. To be more precise, digital platforms deprive workers of vital information concerning the users availing their services, the quantity and nature of assigned tasks, as well as client feedback that shapes decisions related to negative ratings and the termination of workers’ connection to the platform. In the light of the General Data Protection Regulation, this information is considered personal data and should be made available to the relevant worker. Accordingly, the evaluation of work quality, which qualifies as personal data, is safeguarded and can only serve as a basis for the automatic deactivation of a worker’s account under specific conditions.Inovacije u oblasti informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija su omogućile brže i efikasnije odvijanje ekonomskih transakcija, lakši protok informacija i razmenu velike količine podataka. Premda napredak u oblasti visoke tehnologije donosi određene prednosti, za njega se vezuju i brojni izazovi, budući da pametni uređaji i novi oblici nadzora omogućavaju stvaranje velike baze podataka o ličnosti. Podaci imaju ključnu ulogu u radu digitalnih platformi i obezbeđuju njihovo dobro funkcionisanje, zbog čega digitalne platforme prikupljaju potrebne podatke već u momentu registracije radnika na platformi. To vodi informacionoj asimetriji i nejednakosti, što dodatno otežava položaj platformskih radnika koji, za razliku od digitalne platforme, raspolažu minimumom informacija. Naime, digitalne platforme uskraćuju radnicima informacije o korisnicima njihovog rada, broju i vrsti radnih zadataka koje treba da izvrše, iskustvima klijenata na osnovu kojih su donete odluke o negativnim poenima i diskonekciji radnika sa platforme. Potonja informacija se u svetlu Opšte uredbe o zaštiti podataka o ličnosti Evropske unije smatra ličnim podatkom koji mora biti dostupan radniku na koga se odnosi. U tom smislu, ocena kvaliteta rada koja se smatra ličnim podatkom uživa zaštitu i može biti korišćena kao osnov za automatsku deaktivaciju naloga radnika samo pod određenim uslovima. &nbsp

Serum levels of nitric oxide as a predictor of survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by H1N1 pneumonia?

A large number of studies show elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) in infective syndromes, but there is an insufficient number of studies which have investigated serum levels of NO in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), especially in relation to survival. Hence, we created a study with the aim of determining the NO levels in relation to ARDS survival. Serum levels of NO were measured by Griess reaction in 29 patients [16 men (55%), mean age years 52.72±18]. All data were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA. Our results show significantly higher serum NO levels in ARDS survivors compared to ARDS non-survivors, (p < 0.05). We conclude that higher serum levels of NO are strongly associated with better clinical outcomes, including increased survival

Up-regulation of the SOX3 gene expression by retinoic acid: characterization of the novel promoter-response element and the retinoid receptors involved

Sox3/SOX3 gene is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates and it is implicated in the genetic cascades that direct brain formation. We have previously shown that early phases of differentiation and neural induction of NT2/D1 embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid ( RA) involve up-regulation of the SOX3 gene expression. Here, we present identification of a novel positive regulatory promoter element involved in RA-dependent activation of the SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. This element represents a direct repeat 3-like motif that directly interacts with retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha in a sequence-specific manner. It is capable of independently mediating the RA effect in a heterologous promoter context and its disruption caused significant reduction of RA/RXR transactivation of the SOX3 promoter. Furthermore, by using synthetic antagonists of retinoid receptors, we have shown for the first time, that RA-induced SOX3 gene expression could be significantly down-regulated by the synthetic antagonist of RXR. Also, this data showed that RXRs, but not RA receptors, are mediators of RA effect on the SOX3 gene up-regulation in NT2/D1 cells. Presented data will be valuable for future investigation of SOX3 gene expression, not only in NT2/D1 model system, but also in diverse developmental, physiological and pathological settings

Tehnika istraživanja i analize podataka primenjena u analizi istorijskih podataka

Understanding the effect of the characteristics of formulation and process parameters on the physicochemical properties of a pharmaceutical product is very significant for the development of solid dosage forms, as the knowledge gained on small scale batches in the early phase of development is used in the later phases of product lifecycle or in the development of other products. One of the approaches for gaining a better understanding of the effects of the formulation and production process on the quality of the finished product is to apply a systematical approach which concerns performing experiments according to a predefined factorial or fractional factorial experimental plan. However, often it is the case that there are available data gathered in a non-systematic way, because experiments were not performed according to a predetermined experimental plan. In such a case, data mining techniques could be used to extract useful data from the historical data set. In this research, the possibility of using several data mining techniques to build models that describe the effect of formulation characteristics on acid resistance and dissolution profile of a model drug from gastro-resistant pellets. The model drug used in the research is duloxetine hydrochloride from the group of antidepressants. It belongs to the BCS 2 class of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and it is therefore necessary for the release profile of duloxetine to be characterized by a higher number of tested time points. The developed models can be used for planning future laboratory trials, or in the development of other products.Razumevanje uticaja karakteristika formulacije i procesnih parametara na fizičkohemijske osobine farmaceutskog proizvoda je vrlo značajno u razvoju čvrstih doziranih oblika jer se znanje stečeno u fazi razvoja koristi i u svim sledećim fazama životnog ciklusa proizvoda, a može da se primeni i u razvoju drugih proizvoda. Jedan pristup ka postizanju boljeg poznavanja proizvoda i procesa je primena sistematičnog pristupa koji podrazumeva izvođenje eksperimenata u skladu sa predefinisanim faktorijalnim ili frakcionim faktorijalnim eksperiementalnim planom. Međutim, čest je slučaj da dostupni podaci nisu prikupljeni na sistematičan način zato što eksperimenti nisu izvođeni po predefinisanom planu. Tada se mogu primeniti tehnike istraživanja i analize podataka da bi se iz seta istorijskih podataka izdvojili korisni podaci. U ovom istraživanju smo ispitali mogućnost korišćenja različitih tehnika istraživanja i analize podataka za razvoj modela koji opisuju efekte formulacije na gastrorezistenciju i profil oslobađanja model supstance iz gastrorezistentnih peleta. Model supstanca je duloksetin hidrohlorid iz grupe antidepresiva. Pripada BCS 2 klasi lekovitih supstanci, te je poželjno da profil brzine rastvaranja duloksetina iz peleta bude okarakterisan većim brojem vremenskih tačaka. Razvijeni modeli se mogu koristiti za planiranje narednih proba ili u razvoju drugih proizvoda

Peripartal leukogram in cows with and without retained placenta

The aim of this study was to investigate whether prepartal leukogram in cows with retained placenta could indicate the presence of subclinical systemic inflammatory response before the onset of disease. After calving, sixteen highly pregnant Holstein cows, aged 3 to 9 years, without clinical signs of the disease prior to calving were divided into two groups: the first group (n=9) were animals without retained placenta, or any visible inflammation after birth; the second group (n=7) were cows with retained placenta. Blood was sampled three times before parturition, at intervals of one week, and once 24 hours after birth. The number of total leukocytes, segmented and non segmented neutrophilic granulocytes (NG), lymphocytes and monocytes were determined by standard laboratory techniques. The results have shown that in the group of cows with retained placenta the number of mature neutrophils was slightly elevated in the third, second and last week before calving, and equal number of non segmented neutrophils in regard to the group with no retention. The results have also shown that, in both groups of cows, 24 hours after calving, the number of total leukocytes and the number of segmented neutrophils decreased, but the number of the non segmented neutrophils increased. Based on this, we can conclude that cows with retained placenta had no systemic inflammatory response during three weeks prepartal period, but 24 hours after calving, systemic inflammatory response was documented in all the cows. Moreover, the intensity of inflammatory response in cows with retained placenta was not more pronounced in comparison to cows without retained placenta. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 175061

Purification and functional analysis of the recombinant protein isolated from E. coli by employing three different methods of bacterial lysis

U ovom radu prikazano je prečišćavanje humanog rekombinantnog proteina eksprimiranog u E. coli. Rekombinantni protein, fuzionisan sa glutation-S-transferaznim domenom (GST), izolovan je primenom tri različite metode bakterijske lize: sonifikovanje, zamrzavanje/odmrzavanje i razbijanje bakterija kuglicama. Proizvođač GST fuzionog sistema preporučuje bakterijsku lizu sonifikovanjem, ali ova metoda je često nedostupna istraživačima jer zahteva skupu opremu i dugotrajnu optimizaciju uslova. Cilj našeg rada je bio da utvrdimo da li se korišćenjem i druge dve metode, lako primenljive u svakoj laboratoriji, mogu dobiti proteini odgovaraju- ćih karakteristika. Naši rezultati pokazuju da sve tri metode lize omogućavaju izolovanje solubilnih i intaktnih proteina, a da je najveći prinos dobijen primenom metode zamrzavanja/odmrzavanja bakterija. Na osnovu funkcionalne analize zaključili smo da proteini dobijeni metodom sonifikovanja i ponovljenog zamrzavanja/odmrzavanja pokazuju visok afinitet za specifično vezivanje za DNK. Rekombinantni protein dobijen primenom metode razbijanja bakterija kuglicama pokazuje smanjen afinitet za vezivanje za DNK, ali se, takođe, može koristiti u analizama interakcija proteina i DNK. Zaključak naših istraživanja je da se sve tri metode lize bakterija mogu uspešno primeniti za izolovanje rekombinantnih proteina.In this paper, the purification of the human recombinant protein expressed in E. coli using the GSTGene Fusion System, by applying various methods of bacterial lysis: sonication, freeze/thaw and beadbeating, is presented. The study was an attempt to compare the properties of the proteins obtained by the sonication method, recommended by manufacturers but inaccessible for many researchers, with those obtained using two other readily available lysis methods. The data show that all purified proteins were soluble and intact with the highest protein yield being obtained via the freeze/thaw method. The results of functional analysis indicate that the proteins purified using the sonication and freeze/thaw methods of lysis exhibited similar DNA binding affinity, while the protein purified by beadbeating was also functional but with a lower binding affinity. The conclusion of this study is that all three lysis methods could be successfully employed for protein purification

Burnout syndrome among healthcare workers employed in intensive care units: Experiences from three large university hospitals in the Southeast Balkans: Burnout syndrome among healthcare workers of intensive care units in the Southeast Balkans

Summary Introduction: Burnout syndrome at work is a response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors associated with the workplace, and occurs in workers without previous psychopathological illnesses or organic diseases. Aim: The aim of the research was to examine the prevalence of stress and burnout syndrome, among physicians and nurses working in the intensive care units (MICU) of 3 regional centers (Banja Luka, Novi Sad and Ljubljana), and to determine the differences between the centers and the causes of these differences. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted during August and September 2020 (at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic) by surveying healthcare workers (doctors and nurses/technicians) from three intensive care units of the former Yugoslavia. The participantsfulfilled the Questionnaire for self-assessment of stress levels and the Maslach burnout inventory, which were supplemented with sociodemographic parameters. The obtained data were statistically processed using the SPSS 21 program. Results: 91 participantsfrom all 3 regional centers were included in th study. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of age, degree of professional education, length of service, gender, marital and parental status, where respondents from Ljubljana show the greatest deviations comparedto subjects from the other two centers. The sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents only showed that gender had a statistically significant influence on the degree of personal achievement. Conclusion: The attributes of healthcare professionals who work in MICUs with the same level of life support (level III) may be influenced by the development level and length of tradition of intensive care units. Additionally, factors such as legislation and other external and internal elements unique to each organizational unit can also play a role

Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Linezolid and Probability of Target Attainment in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation—A Step toward Correct Dosing

During veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv ECMO) therapy, antimicrobial drugs are frequently used, and appropriate dosing is challenging due to there being limited data to support the dosage. Linezolid is effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens frequently isolated in ECMO patients. In total, 53 steady-state linezolid levels were obtained following 600 mg intravenous (IV) injections every 8 h, and these were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) on vv ECMO. The data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. Monte Carlo simulation generated 5000 patients’ individual PK parameters and corresponding concentration–time profiles using the PopPK model, following the administration of 600 mg/8 h (a higher-than-standard dosing) and 600 mg/12 h (standard). The probabilities of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment (PTA) and the cumulative fraction of responses (CFR) for three pathogens were calculated and compared between the two dosing scenarios. Linezolid 600 mg/8 h was predicted to achieve greater than or equal to 85%Tf>MIC in at least 90% of the patients with CARDS on vv ECMO compared to only approximately two thirds of the patients after dosing every 12 h at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/L. In addition, for the same MIC, fAUC24/MIC ≥ 80 was achieved in almost three times the number of patients following an 8-h versus a 12-h interval. PopPK simulation predicted that a significantly higher proportion of the patients with CARDS on vv ECMO would achieve the PK/PD targets following the 8-h dosing interval compared to standard linezolid dosing. Nevertheless, the safety concern, in particular, for thrombocytopenia, with higher-than-standard linezolid dosage is reasonable, and consequently, monitoring is essential

Glutathione as a suitable biomarker in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of three freshwater crayfish species

We determined the contents of total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and values of the glutathione redox index (GSH RI) in hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle of three freshwater crayfish species: noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) from the Southern Morava River, stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) from the Krajkovačka River, and spinycheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) from the Danube River. The obtained data show strong tissue and species specifity of investigated parameters: tGSH, GSH, GSSG, and GSH RI in the hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle of the indicated crayfish species. Our work represents the first study of its kind and showed that the investigated parameters can be considered suitable biomarkers of the cellular glutathione redox status in of freshwater crayfish species.Određivan je sadržaj ukupnog glutationa (tGSH),redukovanog glutationa (GSH),oksidovanog glutationa (GSSG)i glutation redoks indeksa (GSH RI)u hepatopankreasu, škrgama i mišićima tri vrste slatkovodnih rakova: rečnog raka (Astacus astacus) iz reke Južna Morava, raka kamenjara (Austropotamobius torrentium) iz Krajkovačke reke i američkog raka (Orconecteslimosus) iz reke Dunav. Dobijeni podaci pokazuju značajnu tkivnu i specijes specifičnost ispitivanih parametara: GSH, GSSG i GSHRI u hepatopankreasu, škrgama i mišićima kod rakova. Naš rad predstavlja prvu studiju ove vrste i pokazuje da ispitivani parametri mogu biti pogodni biomarkeri ćelijskog redoks statusa glutationa kod slatkovodnih vrsta rakova.Projekat ministarstva br. 143035