Percolation on interacting networks with feedback-dependency links

When real networks are considered, coupled networks with connectivity and feedback-dependency links are not rare but more general. Here we develop a mathematical framework and study numerically and analytically percolation of interacting networks with feedback-dependency links. We find that when nodes of between networks are lowly connected, the system undergoes from second order transition through hybrid order transition to first order transition as coupling strength increases. And, as average degree of each inter-network increases, first order region becomes smaller and second-order region becomes larger but hybrid order region almost keep constant. Especially, the results implies that average degree \bar{k} between intra-networks has a little influence on robustness of system for weak coupling strength, but for strong coupling strength corresponding to first order transition system become robust as \bar{k} increases. However, when average degree k of inter-network is increased, the system become robust for all coupling strength. Additionally, when nodes of between networks are highly connected, the hybrid order region disappears and the system first order region becomes larger and secondorder region becomes smaller. Moreover, we find that the existence of feedback dependency links between interconnecting networks makes the system extremely vulnerable by comparing non-feedback condition for the same parameters.First author draf

Mutant Kras- and p16-regulated NOX4 activation overcomes metabolic checkpoints in development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Kras activation and p16 inactivation are required to develop pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying these double alterations remain unclear. Here we discover that NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4), an enzyme known to catalyse the oxidation of NAD(P)H, is upregulated when p16 is inactivated by looking at gene expression profiling studies. Activation of NOX4 requires catalytic subunit p22phox, which is upregulated following Kras activation. Both alterations are also detectable in PDAC cell lines and patient specimens. Furthermore, we show that elevated NOX4 activity accelerates oxidation of NADH and supports increased glycolysis by generating NAD+, a substrate for GAPDH-mediated glycolytic reaction, promoting PDAC cell growth. Mechanistically, NOX4 was induced through p16-Rb-regulated E2F and p22phox was induced by KrasG12V-activated NF-κB. In conclusion, we provide a biochemical explanation for the cooperation between p16 inactivation and Kras activation in PDAC development and suggest that NOX4 is a potential therapeutic target for PDAC

Partial Equivalence Checking of Quantum Circuits

Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is an essential element in quantum program compilation, in which a quantum program can be synthesized into different quantum circuits that may vary in the number of qubits, initialization requirements, and output states. Verifying the equivalences among the implementation variants requires proper generality. Although different notions of quantum circuit equivalence have been defined, prior methods cannot check observational equivalence between two quantum circuits whose qubits are partially initialized, which is referred to as partial equivalence. In this work, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for two circuits to be partially equivalent. Based on the condition, we devise algorithms for checking quantum circuits whose partial equivalence cannot be verified by prior approaches. Experiment results confirm the generality and demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our method. Our result may unleash the optimization power of quantum program compilation to take more aggressive steps.Comment: accepted by QCE2

2-Meth­oxy-N′-(2-methoxy­benzyl­idene)benzohydrazide

The title Schiff base compound, C16H16N2O3, was derived from the condensation of 2-methoxy­benzaldehyde with 2-methoxy­benzohydrazide in an ethanol solution. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 87.5 (3)°. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked into chains running parallel to the a axis by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

N′-(5-Bromo-2-hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-4-hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzohydrazide dihydrate

In the title compound, C16H15BrN2O5·2H2O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 2.9 (2)° and an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed. One of the water mol­ecule is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of 0.83 (3) and 0.17 (3). In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter­molecular O—H⋯O, O—H⋯(O,O), O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. π–π inter­actions involving Br-substituted benzene rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.552 (3) Å are also observed

N′-(4-Hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-4-methoxy­benzohydrazide monohydrate

In the title compound, C16H16N2O4·H2O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 19.6 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Genomewide association study of leprosy.

BACKGROUND: The narrow host range of Mycobacterium leprae and the fact that it is refractory to growth in culture has limited research on and the biologic understanding of leprosy. Host genetic factors are thought to influence susceptibility to infection as well as disease progression. METHODS: We performed a two-stage genomewide association study by genotyping 706 patients and 1225 controls using the Human610-Quad BeadChip (Illumina). We then tested three independent replication sets for an association between the presence of leprosy and 93 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were most strongly associated with the disease in the genomewide association study. Together, these replication sets comprised 3254 patients and 5955 controls. We also carried out tests of heterogeneity of the associations (or lack thereof) between these 93 SNPs and disease, stratified according to clinical subtype (multibacillary vs. paucibacillary). RESULTS: We observed a significant association (P<1.00x10(-10)) between SNPs in the genes CCDC122, C13orf31, NOD2, TNFSF15, HLA-DR, and RIPK2 and a trend toward an association (P=5.10x10(-5)) with a SNP in LRRK2. The associations between the SNPs in C13orf31, LRRK2, NOD2, and RIPK2 and multibacillary leprosy were stronger than the associations between these SNPs and paucibacillary leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Variants of genes in the NOD2-mediated signaling pathway (which regulates the innate immune response) are associated with susceptibility to infection with M. leprae