Focused Ion beam source method and Apparatus

A focused ion beam having a cross section of submicron diameter, a high ion current, and a narrow energy range is generated from a target comprised of particle source material by laser ablation. The method involves directing a laser beam having a cross section of critical diameter onto the target, producing a cloud of laser ablated particles having unique characteristics, and extracting and focusing a charged particle beam from the laser ablated cloud. The method is especially suited for producing focused ion beams for semiconductor device analysis and modification

Mass spectrometry studies of resist-trimming processes in HBr/O2 and Cl2/O2 chemistries

International audienc

Mass spectrometry studies of resist trimming processes in HBr/O2 and Cl2/O2 chemistries

International audienc

Synchronous Plasma Pulsing for Etch Applications

International audienc

Surgical revision of radial head fractures: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 466 cases

Background: Radial head fractures lead to persisting disability in a considerable number of cases. This study aimed to investigate their most common revision causes and procedures. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study reviewed the cases of 466 adult patients who had undergone surgical revision after operative or nonoperative treatment of a radial head fracture. The initial diagnosis was a Mason type I fracture in 13.0%, Mason type II fracture in 14.6%, Mason type III fracture in 22.8%, Mason type IV fracture in 20.9%, terrible-triad injury in 12.8%, Monteggia-like lesion in 13.1%, and Essex-Lopresti lesion in 2.0%. Initial treatment was nonoperative in 30.2%, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 44.9%, radial head arthroplasty in 16.6%, radial head resection in 3.7%, sole treatment of concomitant injuries in 2.6%, and fragment excision in 2.0%. Up to 3 revision causes and procedures were recorded per case. Results: The most common complications were stiffness (67.4%), instability (36.5%), painful osteoarthritis (29.2%), ORIF related (14.8%), nonunion or necrosis (9.2%), radial head arthroplasty related (7.5%), ulnar neuropathy (6.0%), and infection (2.6%). Revision procedures frequently included arthrolysis (42.1%), arthroplasty (24.9%), implant removal (23.6%), ligament repair or reconstruction (23.0%), debridement (14.2%), repeated ORIF (8.2%), and/or radial head resection (7.7%). Mason type I or II fractures were primarily revised because of stiffness and painful osteoarthritis. Complications after Mason type III fractures were predominantly ORIF related. Fracture-dislocations showed a wide range of complications, with instability and stiffness comprising the most common causes of revision. Conclusions: The complications of radial head fractures are characteristic to their classification. Knowledge of these findings might guide surgeons in treating these injuries and may help counsel patients accordingly. (C) 2018 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserve

La laïcité en question

Cet ouvrage inscrit la réflexion sur la laïcité dans la longue durée de l’histoire française et allemande, tout en croisant les approches disciplinaires, afin d’éclairer respectivement chacun des deux modèles dans sa spécificité. Les contributeurs (historiens, philosophes, théologiens, juristes, sociologues, germanistes) s’y écartent de conceptions philosophico-idéologiques de la laïcité et se placent sur le terrain de l’histoire et du droit pour se mettre à distance de partis pris militants qui biaisent la réflexion sur un sujet si brûlant. Si le mot laïcité n’a pas d’équivalent en allemand, cela ne veut pas dire cependant que les réalités françaises et allemandes en la matière ne soient pas comparables. Divers éléments entrent en ligne de compte pour ce faire : outre le critère de neutralité réciproque du politique et du religieux, le respect de la liberté religieuse dans ses diverses facettes, la séparation des Églises et de l’État sous ses différentes formes, le statut juridique accordé aux sociétés religieuses, la mise en oeuvre du droit à l’incroyance. L’ouvrage, organisé selon une structure à la fois chronologique et thématique comporte, outre l’introduction, quatre parties où alternent analyses générales et études de cas : la laïcité dans l’histoire ; questions juridiques et politiques ; modèles allemand et français à l’épreuve de l’islam ; l’école face à la religion et à la transmission des valeurs en Allemagne et en France