MOESM2 of Electron carriers increase electricity production in methane microbial fuel cells that reverse methanogenesis

Additional file 2: Video. Microbial fuel cell that reverses methanogenesis is used to convert methane into electricity to drive a fan

Vertical scatter plot with median (IQR) brain area loss across the different treatment groups.

<p>There was no reduction in brain area loss in either the therapeutic hypothermia group or in the combined therapeutic hypothermia plus 50% inhaled xenon group. NT-37: normothermia at T_rectal 37°C for 5h (n = 36); TH-32: hypothermia at T_rectal 32°C for 5h (n = 25); TH-32 + Xe50%: TH-32 plus 50% inhaled Xenon for 5h (n = 24).</p

Rat brain placed in a standard matrix for uniformity.

<p>The rat brain is cut in 6 coronal blocks. Of these, block number 3 and 4 were used for further processing and analysis and stained with hematoxylin & eosin. Representing sections of animals from the different treatment groups, showing severely damaged brains in both sections and in every treatment group.</p

MOESM2 of Assessing methanotrophy and carbon fixation for biofuel production by Methanosarcina acetivorans

Additional file 2. M. acetivorans gene re-annotation list

Vertical scatter plot with median (IQR) number of neurons in the subventricular zone.

<p>There was no significant difference between the different treatment groups (n = 13 per group).</p

Scanned mid-brain section best representing the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and thalamus.

<p>Neuronal cell counting was performed in the subventricular zone. A customised grid was used to count cells in three non-overlapping fields. Each analysed brain had the same sized grid applied at the mid-ventricular region as depicted by the white rectangle. Neurons were counted if they displayed large, round nuclei (DAPI, blue) and NeuN co-staining (red).</p

Weight at 7 days of age (P7) and weight gain after 7 days of survival (P14) across the three treatment groups.

<p>Values are median (IQR). Treatment groups are NT-37: normothermia, kept at T_rectal 37°C for 5h; TH-32: hypothermia, kept at T_rectal 32°C for 5h; TH-32+Xe50%: combined treatment of TH-32 and 50% inhaled Xe for 5h.</p

Development of a larval-settlement assay protocol for the serpulid polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa

Static settlement assays are considered the standard tool for determining the settlement preferences of marine invertebrates. Often used to assess and evaluate the properties of a given substrate or biofilm cues for coloni- sation, the static assay format is technically simple, rapid, and inexpensive. Galeolaria caespitosa is a sessile, filter-feeding polychaete worm that inhabits mid to low intertidal regions of exposed rocky shores. Mature adults of G. caespitosa are fertile throughout the year, easy to spawn and rear to settlement competency, and their gregarious settlement behaviour enables easy collection making them an ideal test species. Here we report an optimised protocol for larval settlement assays with G. caespitosa. Unlike other serpulid polychaetes, a bacterial biofilm alone was not sufficient to consistently induce settlement. Instead, a conspecific cue was required for reliable settlement under assay conditions. Yet empty tubes and a homogenate of crushed adult worms had no significant impact on settlement compared to a control, and both treatments showed high variance, indu- cing &amp;lt; 5% of larvae to settle. Only the presence of live conspecific worms consistently induced settlement to the extent necessary for useful assays. In this case, after 48 h the proportion of larvae to have successfully settled reached 44%. On average, live conspecific worms increased settlement by 87% compared to the presence of a biofilm alone. The static settlement assay protocol developed in this study provides a reproducible tool for assessing invertebrate settlement with G. caespitosa. Guidelines are provided for adapting this approach to other species

Pd@H_<i>y</i>WO_3–<i>x</i> Nanowires Efficiently Catalyze the CO₂ Heterogeneous Reduction Reaction with a Pronounced Light Effect

The design of photocatalysts able to reduce CO₂ to value-added chemicals and fuels could enable a closed carbon circular economy. A common theme running through the design of photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction is the utilization of semiconductor materials with high-energy conduction bands able to generate highly reducing electrons. Far less explored in this respect are low-energy conduction band materials such as WO₃. Specifically, we focus attention on the use of Pd nanocrystal decorated WO₃ nanowires as a heretofore-unexplored photocatalyst for the hydrogenation of CO₂. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet–visible-near infrared, and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analytical techniques elucidate the hydrogen tungsten bronze, H_<i>y</i>WO_3–<i>x</i>, as the catalytically active species formed via the H₂ spillover effect by Pd. The existence in H_<i>y</i>WO_3–<i>x</i> of Brønsted acid hydroxyls OH, W­(V) sites, and oxygen vacancies (V_O) facilitate CO₂ capture and reduction reactions. Under solar irradiation, CO₂ reduction attains CO production rates as high as 3.0 mmol g_cat^–1 hr^–1 with a selectivity exceeding 99%. A combination of reaction kinetic studies and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements provide a valuable insight into thermochemical compared to photochemical surface reaction pathways, considered responsible for the hydrogenation of CO₂ by Pd@H_<i>y</i>WO_3–<i>x</i>

Additional file 1: Table S1. of The Hedgehog pathway as targetable vulnerability with 5-azacytidine in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia

A–D