Postcard: Hand Written Message Regarding a Tax Matter

This black and white printed postcard contains correspondence from one man to a man in a banking firm in Pennsylvania regarding a tax matter. Handwriting is on the front and the back of the card.https://scholars.fhsu.edu/tj_postcards/2050/thumbnail.jp

The Economic Incidence of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Short-haul Pricing Constraint

The public and private interest hypotheses permeate contemporary regulatory analyses. Both theories are used to explain the inception of the first major federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). According to the public and private interest hypotheses, the regulations promulgated by the ICC benefited either railroads or shippers. This paper presents an alternative view consistent with the multiple interest theory of regulation. It is demonstrated that the major regulatory instrument of the ICC, the short-haul pricing constraint (SHPC), altered the equilibria of railroad markets in a way which benefitted the class of shippers (short-haul shippers) facing monopolistic railroad markets. The SHPC also benefitted some railroads by increasing the correspondence between unregulated, cooperative and regulated, noncooperative levels of long-haul shipments. The proposition that the ICC benefited short-haul shippers and railroads is supported by an empirical analysis of the effects of the inception of federal regulation and implementation of the SHPC on stock prices. The results of the paper indicate that the public and private interest interpretations of the ICC are neither contradictory nor complete, but instead are complementary. A theoretical and empirical analysis of the chief regulatory mechanism of the ICC provides this synthesis

Regulation and the Theory of Legislative Choice: The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

This article concerns the economic incidence of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (ICA). Our focus is the short-haul pricing constraint, a provision of the ICA that prohibited railroads from charging higher rates to isolated, primarily agrarian shippers than it charged to intercity shippers of similar commodities. Utilizing the event study methodology, we find that the impending passage of the ICA generated a distribution of abnormal returns to railroads and shipping firms that is consistent with the theoretical implications of our analysis of the short- haul pricing constraint (SHPC). However, early interpretations of the SHPC by the Interstate Commerce Commission reduced some of the abnormal returns to railroads in a manner that is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the short-haul pricing constraint was an important mechanism of early railroad regulation. The analysis does support a multiple-interest interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Act and has implications for the positive theory of regulation

Regulation and the theory of legislative choice: The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

The economic effects of federal regulation cannot be explained from congressional institutions. Two factors determine the specific pattern. The first is how interests are represented in the Congress, especially in the relevant committees. Committees matter because their members can veto proposals made by others. The second factor is bicameralism. The need to build majority support in two chambers matters when interest groups are not distributed identically across both houses. Specific interests win in the legislative process because of their representation within the political institutions. We examine the first major regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), founded in 1887. The inception of the ICC was not solely a cartel mechanism for the railroads (as the pure capture view asserts) nor solely a mechanism to correct market abuses by the railroads (as the public interest theory maintains). The ICC provided an benefits, some to railroads and some to nonrailroad interests, notably shorthaul shippers

Characterization of Coronin 2A and its Role in Regulating Cofilin Activity

Coronins are conserved F-actin binding proteins that are important for motility and actin dynamics. Mammalian Coronin proteins can be broken down into three subtypes: Three Type I Coronins (consisting of Coronin 1A, 1B and 1C), two Type II Coronins (Coronin 2A and 2B), and one Type III Coronins (POD/Coronin 7). Each of these types has distinct localization patterns in the cell. Type I Coronins primarily localize to lamellapodial F-actin structures found at the leading edge of cells. Unlike type I Coronins, the type II Coronin 2A is excluded from the leading edge and localizes to stress fibers and focal adhesions. Studies on POD suggest that it primarily localizes to the Golgi apparatus. Depletion of Coronin 2A in MTLn3 cells decreases cell motility and focal adhesion turnover. Surprisingly, none of the pathways known to regulate focal adhesion turnover are affected by Coronin 2A depletion. Depletion of Coronin 2A does however increase phospho-Cofilin suggesting that misregulation of Cofilin may affect adhesion dynamics. Slingshot-1L, a Cofilin-activating phosphatase, localizes to focal adhesions and interacts with Coronin 2A. Depletion of Coronin 2A reduces Cofilin activity at focal adhesions as measured by barbed end density and actin turnover. Consistent with this idea, expression of an active mutant of Cofilin bypasses the defects in cell motility and focal adhesion disassembly seen upon Coronin 2A depletion. These results implicate both Coronin 2A and Cofilin as new factors that can regulate focal adhesion turnover. Enforced expression of Coronin 2A induces the formation of structures that are similar to Cofilin-Actin rods. These are ordered aggregates that form in certain cells in response to stress, such as ATP-depletion. Like Cofilin-Actin rods, Coronin 2A rods also contain Cofilin and Actin, but unlike Cofilin-Actin rods, Coronin 2A rods stain positively with phalloidin. These data suggest that Coronin 2A may form submit Cofilin-Actin rod intermediates that require further investigation

Cross-Cultural Communication And Dimensions: A Hybrid Analysis Of Horizontal And Vertical Individualist And Collectivist Tendencies Among African American And European American Management Students

This article describes research about horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) among African American and European American university students. The survey is based on the work of Harry Triandis (1995), one of the seminal researchers of individualism and collectivism (I-C). The survey of attitude and scenario items, developed by Harry Triandis (1995), was administered to undergraduate management students in three universities in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Many of the attitude and scenario survey items directly address preferred communication patterns. The findings are also interpreted in terms of situational preferences about I-C, including the following contexts: social events, workplace decisions, and group and work dynamics. The research is unique in that it measures four types of the I-C dimension: horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism, as conceptualized by Triandis (1995). Furthermore, it emerges from the premise that cultures are neither strictly collectivist nor individualist; rather, cultures have profiles in which individualist tendencies are prominent in some circumstances whereas collectivist tendencies are emphasized in others. Also, this article provides findings that can easily be converted into training about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Related recommendations for future research and implications for teaching are provided

RETROCAM: A Versatile Optical Imager for Synoptic Studies

We present RETROCAM, an auxiliary CCD camera that can be rapidly inserted into the optical beam of the MDM 2.4m telescope. The speed and ease of reconfiguring the telescope to use the imager and a straightforward user interface permit the camera to be used during the course of other observing programs. This in turn encourages RETROCAM's use for a variety of monitoring projects.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Accepted by A