Measurements in relation to age at the time of plaster cast fabrication.

<p>Age aggregated into quarters (Q1: ≥1 day <92 days; Q2: ≥92 days <183 days; Q3: ≥183 days <274 days; Q4: ≥274 days <365 days). Represented are the median values per quarter. Q1 (n = 37), Q2 (n = 20), Q3 (n = 7), Q4 (n = 9); Q5 and Q6 are not displayed because of missing controls.</p

Results of matching DS patients with healthy controls according to the parameter palatal volume [mm³].

<p>Results of matching DS patients with healthy controls according to the parameter palatal volume [mm³].</p

Studies measuring the hard palate of patients with Down syndrome.

<p>Studies measuring the hard palate of patients with Down syndrome.</p

Growth of the hard palate in infants with Down syndrome compared with healthy infants—A retrospective case control study

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To investigate morphological differences of the hard palate in infants with Down syndrome (DS) compared with a volumetric-matched control group (CG).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Trial design: retrospective case control study. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, plaster casts of edentulous maxillae of 40 DS infants (20 females and 20 males, aged 221.3 ± 132.4 days) and 40 CG infants (20 females and 20 males, aged 53.9 ± 87.2 days) were digitized and converted into 3-dimensional stereolithography data. An automated landmark- and investigator-independent method for assessing two-dimensional measurements such as width, depth, and length of palate, as well as palatal index and the 3-dimensional volume, were used.</p><p>Results</p><p>Matching DS and healthy CG infants by age, we found reduced sizes in all linear and volumetric measurements in the DS group. Matching both groups by palatal volume, we found no differences between the groups according to palatal width (p = .93), palatal depth (p = .32), and palatal index (p = .31). Control infants with the same palatal volume compared with the DS infants were about 151 days younger, 95%-CI = [102, 200] (Hodges-Lehmann estimator). Except for palatal length and palatal volume, the growth pattern of DS palates decreased irregularly at age 6 to 9 months.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The palate of DS infants in the first 6 to 9 month of life is of normal shape but considerably smaller compared with healthy normals. From 6 to 9 months onward, the growth pattern of the hard palate in DS infants decreases irregularly. High-arch-constricted palates could, therefore, be interpreted as secondarily acquired in later life. We therefore speculate that it could be advantageous to begin oral muscular stimulating therapy between 6 and 9 months of age which may prevent palatal shape alterations and enhance oral function which also contributes to maxillary development.</p></div

Measurements obtained from digitized plaster casts.

<p>Left: Digital plaster cast of a newborn’s palate. Right: Segmented cast. All areas of the cast that were not covered by impression material were digitally removed. The segmented casts were then oriented in a 3D coordinate system according to the raphe palatina mediana and by symmetrical alignment of the alveolar ridge towards a horizontal reference plane. The highest points (z-plane, view direction) of the alveolar bone constitute the alveolar ridge (black line). Point p is the deepest point of the digital cast in the z-plane. A transverse (black) section line passing through point p represents the distal border of the palate for volume calculations. Palatal length (pl) is the longest distance parallel to the y-plane between the most anterior and the most posterior point. Palatal width (pw) is the longest distance parallel to the x-plane and perpendicular to the y-plane between 2 surface points on the right and left side of the alveolar ridge. Palatal depth (pd) is the longest distance parallel to the z-plane between the highest and the deepest point of the cast. The calculated palatal volume is the volume enclosed by the maximum contour line of the alveolar ridge and the dorsal border line determined by the deepest point p.</p

Age at time of impression taking and measurements obtained from maxillary casts of the DS and control group.

<p>Age at time of impression taking and measurements obtained from maxillary casts of the DS and control group.</p

The logistic function produces a sigmoid curve, where y represents the probability of rejection () and x the number of invited reviewers

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A retrospective analysis of submissions, acceptance rate, open peer review operations, and prepublication bias of the multidisciplinary open access journal Head & Face Medicine"</p><p>http://www.head-face-med.com/content/3/1/27</p><p>Head & Face Medicine 2007;3():27-27.</p><p>Published online 11 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1913501.</p><p></p> Inviting a minimum of 2 reviewer corresponds to a probability of rejection = 0.44. Inviting 15 reviewers increases to 0.85

The peer review time (PRT) was not significantly different between article types

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A retrospective analysis of submissions, acceptance rate, open peer review operations, and prepublication bias of the multidisciplinary open access journal Head & Face Medicine"</p><p>http://www.head-face-med.com/content/3/1/27</p><p>Head & Face Medicine 2007;3():27-27.</p><p>Published online 11 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1913501.</p><p></p

Inter-rater agreement and reliability of the assessment of lithium response in the two-stage case-vignette rating procedure: kappa and intra-class correlation analysis.

<p>TS: total score.</p><p>ICC: intra-class correlation.</p><p>CI: confidence interval.</p>*<p>Mixed and random effects models.</p>§<p>70 raters.</p>¶<p>48 raters.</p

Empirical and theoretical distributions of the total score in the Consortium on Lithium Genetics sample.

<p>Frequentist, <b>A</b>, and Bayesian minimum message length, <b>B</b>, mixture modeling identify three subpopulations of non responders (grey), partial responders (red), and full responders (blue) in total scores of 1,308 bipolar disorder patients characterized for response to lithium maintenance treatment.</p