Stem of with internodes (1, 3) and node (2); stem base on the right side, stem apex on the left side

Note different diameters between the node and the internodes (1 3) as well as between both internodes (1 <p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Quantitative and qualitative changes in primary and secondary stem organization of during ontogeny: functional growth analysis and experiments"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(11):2955-2967.</p><p>Published online 23 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2504350.</p><p></p

Schematic drawings of two ontogenetic states of secondary growth and consequent processes of tissue deformation in

(A) Young, undeformed apical state. (B) Old, more basal state after distinct increase in girth of vascular cambial tissues which have caused rupturing of the sclerenchymatous cylinder. Types of tissues: vascular cambial tissues, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem including the central pith (central white circle); inner parenchymatous zone of primary cortex (hatched ring); outer primary cortex with sclerenchymatous cylinder (black ring), and collenchymatous and outer parenchymatous cylinder including epidermis (peripheral white ring).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Quantitative and qualitative changes in primary and secondary stem organization of during ontogeny: functional growth analysis and experiments"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(11):2955-2967.</p><p>Published online 23 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2504350.</p><p></p

Gold Nanorods as Plasmonic Sensors for Particle Diffusion

Plasmonic gold nanoparticles are normally used as sensor to detect analytes permanently bound to their surface. If the interaction between the analyte and the nanosensor surface is negligible, it only diffuses through the sensor’s sensing volume, causing a small temporal shift of the plasmon resonance position. By using a very sensitive and fast detection scheme, we are able to detect these small fluctuations in the plasmon resonance. With the help of a theoretical model consistent with our detection geometry, we determine the analyte’s diffusion coefficient. The method is verified by observing the trends upon changing diffusor size and medium viscosity, and the diffusion coefficients obtained were found to reflect reduced diffusion close to a solid interface. Our method, which we refer to as NanoPCS (for nanoscale plasmon correlation spectroscopy), is of practical importance for any application involving the diffusion of analytes close to nanoparticles

Rehydrated conditions of M. horsfieldii from How water availability influences morphological and biomechanical properties in the one-leaf plant <i>Monophyllaea horsfieldii</i>

This movie file demonstrates the postural and mechanical properties of M. horsfieldii after rehydration

Maximum forces and maximum forces/basal area measured at failure in <i>Asparagus</i> spines.

<p>Maximum forces at failure were measured in <i>Asparagus falcatus</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>setaceus</i> with traction forces parallel to the stem and with an angle of 45° (toward the apex). Numbers below indicate the number (n) of samples (100% in all tests) having failed. (***: p ≤0.001, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test).</p

Types of mechanical tests.

<p>Mechanical tests were performed with a) traction applied via a Kevlar loop resulting in a combination of bending and shear stresses (<i>Rosa</i> prickles and <i>Asparagus</i> spines), b) traction parallel to the stem applied at the base of the hook via perforated aluminium plates (<i>Rosa arvensis</i> ‘Splendens‘ type II prickles, resulting in pure shear stresses) and c) traction perpendicular to the stem and applied to the whole <i>Rosa</i> prickle, resulting in pure tension stress.</p

Modes of failure of the spines observed in the tested Asparagus spines.

<p>Modes of failure of the spines observed in the tested Asparagus spines.</p

Modes of failure in the different types of rose prickles.

<p>Modes of failure in the different types of rose prickles.</p

Modes of failure in spines of <i>Asparagus falcatus</i>.

<p>a) longitudinal cut, the red lines indicate failure at the base (1), and failure at the tip (2), respectively, b) typical appearance of a spine having snapped off at the base.</p

Morphology of long axes and geometry of prickles in <i>Asparagus falcatus</i> and <i>Asparagus setaceus</i>.

<p>The specified values are medians and lower and upper quartiles (in brackets). All differences are significant (Mann-Whitney U-Test and Welch’s t-test, p < 0.001). Number of samples are n = 36 (<i>Asparagus falcatus</i>) and n = 27 (<i>Asparagus setaceus</i>).</p><p>Morphology of long axes and geometry of prickles in <i>Asparagus falcatus</i> and <i>Asparagus setaceus</i>.</p