Zero-order correlations between sleep indicators.

<p><i>Note</i>. Abbreviations: PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p>*<p><i>P</i><.05,</p>**<p><i>P</i><.01,</p>***<p><i>P</i><.001.</p

Sample characteristics and reliabilities, means, and standard deviations of study variables in both subsamples.

<p><i>Note</i>. <b><i>α</i></b> = Cronbach’s <b><i>α</i></b>.</p>a<p>comparison of mean values/frequencies between participants from the predominantly white American sample and the urban African American sample. Abbreviations: PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p>*<p><i>P</i><.05,</p>**<p><i>P</i><.01,</p>***<p><i>P</i><.001.</p

The moderating role of avoidance behavior on anxiety over time: Is there a difference between social anxiety disorder and specific phobia?

<div><p>Theories of anxiety disorders and phobias have ascribed a critical role to avoidance behavior in explaining the persistence of fear and anxiety, but knowledge about the role of avoidance behavior in the maintenance of anxiety in social anxiety disorder relative to specific phobia is lacking. This study examined the extent to which avoidance behavior moderates the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and 18 months later in women with a diagnosed social anxiety disorder (<i>n</i> = 91) and women with a diagnosed specific phobia (<i>n</i> = 130) at baseline. Circumscribed avoidance of social and specific situations were clinician-rated using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Lifetime (ADIS-IV-L), and general anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Moderated regression analyses revealed that (a) general anxiety at baseline predicted general anxiety at follow-up in both women with a specific phobia and women with a social anxiety disorder and (b) avoidance behavior moderated this relationship in women with a specific phobia but not in women with a social anxiety disorder. Specifically, high avoidance behavior was found to amplify the effect between general anxiety at baseline and follow-up in specific phobia. Reasons for the absence of a similar moderating effect of avoidance behavior within social anxiety disorder are discussed.</p></div

Diagnoses at baseline and follow-up for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups.

<p>Diagnoses at baseline and follow-up for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups.</p

Means, standard deviations, and empirical ranges for the study variables for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups.

<p>Means, standard deviations, and empirical ranges for the study variables for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups.</p

Regression lines of the specific phobia group showing the moderating effect of avoidance behavior of specific situations on the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and follow-up.

<p>Regression lines of the specific phobia group showing the moderating effect of avoidance behavior of specific situations on the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and follow-up.</p

Regression analyses for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups testing whether the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and at follow-up is moderated by avoidance behavior between baseline and follow-up.

<p>Regression analyses for the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia groups testing whether the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and at follow-up is moderated by avoidance behavior between baseline and follow-up.</p

Repeated measurements of the single tree

Repeated measurements of the single tre

Tree positions

Tree position

Plot corners

Coordinates of the plot corner