The CREST project accident data base

The protection of children in cars is improving with the increasing use of better designed restraint systems. Indeed, when children are correctly restrained in appropriate child restraint systems (CRS) they are sufficiently well protected in moderate frontal impacts. However, the levels of protection afforded in severe frontal impacts and lateral crashes has needed further attention. The CREST project, funded by the European Commission, was initiated to develop the knowledge on the kinematics behaviour and tolerances of children involved in car crashes. The final aim of the project is to propose enhanced test procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of child restraint systems (CRS). The method used in this project was to collect data from accident investigations and from reconstructed crashes in order to determine the physical parameters (measured on dummies) which correspond to various injury mechanisms, and is described in ESV 2001 – paper n°294. This paper presents the activity developed within Workpackage I of CREST, responsible for accident investigations. A presentation of the common methodology used is made. A general description of the data base of 405 documented accident cases in which 628 restrained children are involved is given as well as specific features of the reality of the restraint of children in cars, for example: age and size, CRS type, place, and a discussion on misuse and inappropriate use. Injuries in frontal and side impacts are also discussed

Descriptive statistics of odor threshold values in Tsimane’ and German participants.

<p>Descriptive statistics of odor threshold values in Tsimane’ and German participants.</p

Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plot of odor thresholds for Tsimane’ and German participants. The solid line represents the general trend of the Q–Q plot.

<p>Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plot of odor thresholds for Tsimane’ and German participants. The solid line represents the general trend of the Q–Q plot.</p

Distributions of scores in odor threshold test for Tsimane’ and European participants.

<p>The scores in the test can range between 1 and 16 and they represent geometric series of concentrations of <i>n-</i>butanol (ranging from a 0.04 to 2.7877 × 10^–9 <i>n-</i>butanol solution, dilution ratio 1:2).</p

Total taste score, sour and salty sum scores associated with different oral health variables in 174 hospitalized elderly.

1<p>The number of dentate patients were 142.</p>2<p>Plaque score is defined as plaque on teeth and/or dentures, (graded from 1–4).</p>3<p>Mucosal score is defined as mucosal and/or gingival inflammation, (graded from1–4).</p>4<p>Mucosal-Plaque Score (MPS) is the sum of Plaque score and Mucosal score with sum score from 2 to 8.</p><p>Stimulated whole saliva was collected in 158 patients.</p>*<p>p≤0.05.</p><p>In those cases where significance was reached, the p-values adjusted for gender are shown in parentheses below the unadjusted p-values.</p><p>Sweet and bitter sum scores were not significantly associated with any of these variables, and are therefore not shown in the table.</p

Time-frequency representation of the non-phase locked EEG responses to trigeminal and olfactory chemosensory stimulation (CWT-SINGLE).

<p>Non-phase locked EEG responses were identified by performing across-trial averaging in the time-frequency domain, a procedure which enhances time-locked EEG responses regardless of whether they are phase-locked to the onset of the stimulus. The upper panels show the group-level average time-frequency maps of oscillation amplitude (group-level average; electrode Cz vs. A1A2), expressed as percentage increase or decrease relative to baseline (−0.4 to −0.1 s) (ER%). Note that, in addition to the phase-locked EEG response (TRI-TF1), trigeminal stimulation also elicits event-related desynchronization in the alpha-band (TRI-TF2), as well as a transient and early increase of signal amplitude centered around 10–15 Hz (TRI-TF3). Also note that olfactory stimulation elicits a long-lasting non phase-locked increase of signal amplitude centered around 5 Hz (OLF-TF1), possibly followed by event-related desynchronization in the alpha-band (OLF-TF2). The lower panels highlight areas of the time-frequency matrix where signal amplitude deviated significantly from baseline (one-sample t-test).</p

The prevalence of various oral health variables in 174 hospitalized elderly with data presented as numbers (n) and proportions (%).

1<p>Prevalence of participants with number of teeth >0 (n = 142).</p>2<p>MPS (Mucosal –Plaque score) is the sum of the Mucosal score and the Plaque score with a sum score from 2 to 8. Un-acceptable/poor oral hygiene is defined as MPS≥5.</p>3<p>Number of patients with valid bacteria test was 153 patients.</p>4<p>Hyposalivation is defined as stimulated whole saliva ≤0.6 g/ml. The number of patients with collected stimulated whole saliva was 158 patients.</p

Clinical usefulness of time-frequency analysis of chemosensory ERPs.

<p>A. Time-frequency representation of the non-phase locked EEG responses to trigeminal and olfactory chemosensory stimulation (CWT-SINGLE; see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033221#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a>) in one hyposmic patient (TDI = 23) and one anosmic patient (TDI = 14). Signal amplitude is expressed as percentage increase or decrease relative to baseline (−0.4 to −0.1 s) (trigeminal stimulation: electrode Cz; olfactory stimulation: electrode Fz). B. Magnitude of TRI-TF1 and OLF-TF1 measured in the hyposmic patient (grey dot), the anosmic patient (white dot) and the 11 healthy controls (black dot). The horizontal red line indicates the cutoff amplitude value associated with the greatest Youden index. Note that the magnitude of OLF-TF1 measured in the hyposmic and anosmic patients are both below the cutoff value. In contrast, note that the magnitude of TRI-TF1 measured in the two patients was similar to those measured in the healthy controls.</p

Discrimination performance of the phase-locked and non phase-locked EEG responses to trigeminal and olfactory chemosensory stimulation.

<p>Discrimination performance of the phase-locked and non phase-locked EEG responses to trigeminal and olfactory chemosensory stimulation.</p

Impact of various oral health variables on sum scores of sweet, sour and salty taste qualities in mean (SD) in 174 hospitalized elderly.

*<p>p≤0.05.</p><p>Significant p-values are adjusted for gender and shown in parentheses. None of the oral health variables had significant impact on bitter taste quality, and the results are therefore not presented in the table.</p>1,2<p><i>Streptococcus Mutans</i> and <i>Lactobacilli</i> were assessed in 153 patients.</p